https:\/\/learnexams.com\/search\/study?query=<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\nCHAPTER 1 Nursing Today
Benner’s Model of Novice to Expert NoviceAdvanced beginnerCompetentProficientExpert
ANA definition of nursing the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations
ANA Standards of Nursing Practice AssessmentDiagnosisOutcomes IdentificationPlanningImplementationCoordination of CareHealth Teaching + Health Promotion ConsultationPrescriptive Authority + TreatmentEvaluation
ANA Standards of Professional Performance EthicsEducationEvidence-Based PracticeQuality of PracticeCommunicationLeadershipCollaborationProfessional PracticeResourcesEnvironmental Health
Autonomy Essential element of professional nursing that involves the initiation of independent nursing interventions without medical orders.
Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) Most independently functioning nurse; has masters degree in nursing
Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) An APRN who is an expert clinician in a specialized area of practice
Nurse Practioner (NP) Are prepared to provide direct client care in primary care settings, focusing on health promotion, illness prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of common health problems
Certified Nurse-Midwife (CNM) An APRN who is also educated in midwifery and is certified by the American College of Nurse-Midwifes
Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) An APRN with advanced education in a nurse anesthetia accredited program
Nurse Educator works primarily in schools of nursing, staff development departments of health care agencies, and patient education departments
Nurse Administrator manages patient care and the delivery of specific nursing services within a health care agency
Nurse Researcher conducts evidence-based practice and research to improve nursing care and further define and expand the scope of nursing practice
Florence Nightingale Founder of modern nursing; started first organized program to train nurses; first practicing nurse epidemiologist; connected sanitation with cholera and dysentery
Clara Barton Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross
Mary Mahoney First professionally trained African American nurse
Mary Adelaide Nutting First professor of nursing at Columbia University Teachers College in 1906.
Compassion fatigue described as physical, emotional, and spiritual exhaustion resulting from seeing patients suffer, leads to a decreased capacity to show compassion or empathize with suffering people
Burnout Occurs when perceived demands outweigh perceived resources
Lateral violence Aggressive and destructive behavior or psychological harassment of nurses against each other
Genomics Study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions
CHAPTER 2 Health Care Delivery System
Health Services Pyramid Managing health instead of illnessEmphasis on wellnessInjury prevention programs
Primary Health Care Focuses on improved health outcomes for an entire population; includes primary care and health education, proper nutrition, maternal\/child health care, family planning, vaccines, and control of diseases
Intensive Care Patients receive close monitoring and intensive medical care
Psychiatric Facilities Patients who suffer emotional and behavioral problems such as depression, violent behavior, and eating disorders often require special counseling and treatment in psychiatric facilities
Rural Hospitals Located in a county that has a low population density
Restorative Care Care that helps persons regain their health, strength, and independence
Home Care Provision of medically related professional and paraprofessional services and equipment to patients and families in their homes for health maintenance, education, illness prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, palliation, and rehabilitation
Rehabilitation Restores a person to the fullest physical, mental, social, vocational, and economic potential possible
Extended Care Facility A facility that provides health care and help with the activities of daily living to people who may be physically or mentally unable to care for themselves; this type of care may last from days to years
Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF) Includes administration of IV fluids, wound care, long term ventilator management, and rehab
Continuing Care For people who are disabled, functionally dependent, or suffering a terminal disease
Assisted Living A living arrangement for elderly people that combines privacy and independence with medical supervision
Respite Care A type of care provided for caregivers of homebound ill, disabled, or elderly patients; gives the normal care-takers time off
Adult Day Care A program for impaired adults that attempts to meet their health, social, and functional needs in a setting away from their homes
Hospice Allows patient to live with comfort, independence, and dignity while easing the pains of terminal illness
IOM Competencies Patient Centered CareWork in Interdisciplinary TeamsUse Evidence-Based PracticeApply Quality ImprovementUse Informatics
Ten Rules of Performance in a Redesigned Health Care System 1. Care is based on continuous healing relationships 2. Care is individualized based on patient needs and values3. Patient is the source of control, participates in decision-making4. Knowledge is shared, info flows freely5. Decision making is evidence-based6. Safety is a system property and focused on reducing errors7. Transparency is necessary through sharing info with patients and families8. Patients needs are anticipated 9. Waste is continuously decreased10. Cooperation and communication among clinicians are priorities
Quality Health Care The degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge
Pay for performance programs Designed to promote quality, effective, and safe patient care by physicians and health care organizationsQuality improvement strategies that reward excellence through financial incentives to motivate change to achieve measurable improvements
Six Sigma A data-driven approach for improving quality by removing defects and variations in processes
Patient-Centered Care Recognize the patient or designee as the source of control and full partner in providing compassionate and coordinated care based on respect for patient’s preferences, values, and needs
Magnet Recognition Program Recognition by the American Nurses Credentialing Center that an organization provides quality nursing care
Nursing-sensitive outcomes Patient outcomes and nursing workforce characteristics that are directly related to nursing care such as changes in patients’ symptom experiences, functional status, safety, psychological distress, registered nurse job satisfaction, total nursing hours per patient day, and costs
Nursing Quality Indicators Outcomes of nursing care, identified by the American Nurses Association, that address patient safety and quality of care
Nursing informatics Uses information and technology to communicate, manage knowledge, mitigate error, and support decision making
Telemedicine Involves the use of video, audio, and computer systems to provide medical and\/or health care services
Vulnerable populations Collection of individuals who are more likely to develop health problems as a result of excess risks, limits in access to health care services, or being dependent on others for care
CHAPTER 6 Health and Wellness
Healthy People 2020 A set of disease prevention and health promotion objectives for Americans to meet during the second decade of the new millennium
Health A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Health beliefs A person’s ideas, convictions, and attitudes about health and illness
Positive health behaviors Activities related to maintaining, attaining, or regaining good health and preventing illness
Negative health behaviors Inculde practices actually or potentially harmful to health such as smoking, drug or alcohol abuse, poor diet and refusal to take necessary medications
Health Belief Model Addresses the relationship between a person’s beliefs and behaviors
Health Promotion Model Directed at increasing a patient’s level of well-being
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs PhysiologicalSafetyLove + BelongingSelf EsteemSelf-actualization
Holistic Health Model Attempts to create conditions that promote optimal health
Internal Variables that Influence Health Developmental stage, intellectual background, perception of functioning, emotional factors, spiritual factors
External Variables that Influence Health Family practices, socioeconomic factors, cultural background
Health promotion The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health
Illness Prevention Health education programs or activities directed toward protecting patients from threats or potential threats to health and minimizing risk factors
Passive Health Promotion Strategies Ex. Fluoride in water, fortified foods
Active Health Promotion Strategies Ex. weight reduction, smoking-cessation
Levels of Preventive Care Primary, secondary, tertiary
Primary Prevention True prevention, precedes disease or disfunction and applied to patients considered physically and emotionally healthy Includes: health education, vaccines, nutritional programs, fitness activities
Secondary Prevention Focuses on individuals who are experiencing health problems or illnesses and are at risk for developing complications or worsening conditions
Tertiary Prevention Occurs when a defect or disability is permanent or irreversible; involves minimizing the effects of long-term disease or disability by interventions directed at preventing complications and deterioration
Risk Factor Any situation, habit, or other variable such as social, environmental, physiological, psychological, developmental, intellectual, or spiritual that increases the vulnerability of an individual or group to an illness or accident
Transtheoretical Model of Change 1. Precontemplation2. Contemplation3. Preparation4. Action5. Maintenance
Illness A state in which a person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired
Acute Illness A sudden illness from which a person is expected to recover
Chronic Illness Persists longer than 6 months, is irreversible, and affects functioning in one or more systems
Illness Behavior Ways in which people monitor their bodies, define and interpret their symptoms, take remedial actions, and use the health care system.
CHAPTER 16 Nursing Assessment
Nursing Process AssessmentDiagnosisPlanningImplementationEvaluation
Nursing Assessment Systematic and continuous collection and analysis of information about the clientTwo Steps:1. Collect info from primary source (pt) and secondary sources (family, friends, health prof, records)2. Interpret and validate data to ensure complete database
Critical thinking and the assessment process
Cue Information that you obtain through use of the senses
Inference Your judgement or interpretation of these cues
Health perception-health management pattern Describes patient’s self-report of health and well-being; how patient manages health (e.g., frequency of health care provider visits, adherence to therapies at home); knowledge of preventive health practices
Nutritional-Metabolic Pattern Describes patient’s daily\/weekly pattern of food and fluid intake (e.g., food preferences or restrictions, special diet, appetite); actual weight; weight loss or gain.
Elimination Pattern Describes patterns of excretory function (bowel, bladder, and skin)
Activity-Exercise Pattern Describes patterns of exercise, activity, leisure, and recreation; ability to perform activities of daily living
Sleep-Rest Pattern Describes patterns of sleep, rest, and relaxation.
Cognitive-Perceptual Pattern Describes sensory-perceptual patterns; language adequacy, memory, decision-making ability
Self-Perception-Self-Concept Pattern Describes patient’s self-concept pattern and perceptions of self (e.g., self-concept\/worth, emotional patterns, body image)
Role-Relationship Pattern Describes patient’s patterns of role engagements and relationships
Sexuality-Reproductive Pattern Describes patient’s patterns of satisfaction and dissatisfaction with sexuality pattern; patient’s reproductive patterns; premenopausal and postmenopausal problems
Coping-Stress Tolerance Pattern Describes patient’s ability to manage stress; sources of support; effectiveness of the patterns in terms of stress tolerance
Value-Belief Pattern Describes patterns of values, beliefs including spiritual practices, and goals that guide patient’s choices or decisions
Problem-Focused Patient Assessment
Subjective Data Things a person tells you about that you cannot observe through your senses; symptomsIncludes patient’s feelings, perceptions, and self-reported symptoms
Patient-Centered Interview Requires: courtesy, comfort, connection, confirmation
PQRST ProvokesQualityRadiateSeverityTime
Interview Techniques ObservationOpen-ended questionsLeading questionBack channeling ProbingDirect close-ended questions
Concomitant Symptoms Does the patient experience other symptoms along with the primary symptom? For example, does nausea accompany pain?
Review of Systems (ROS) A systematic approach for collecting the patient’s self-reported data on all body systems.
Validation of assessment data is the comparison of data with another source to determine data accuracy
CHAPTER 22 Ethics and Values
Autonomy Refers to the freedom from external control
Beneficence Refers to taking positive actions to help others
Nonmaleficence Refers to the avoidance of harm or hurt
Fidelity Agreement to keep promises
Code of ethics A set of guiding principles that all members of a profession accept
Advocacy Refers to the support of a particular cause
Value A personal belief about the worth of a given idea, attitude, custom, or object that sets standards that influence behavior
Deontology Proposes a system of ethics that comes from the work of an eighteenth century philosopher, Immanuel KantDeontology defines actions as right or wrong on the basis of their “right-making characteristics” such as fidelity to promises, truthfulness, and justice
Utilitarianism Relies on the application of a certain principle; focuses on outcomesProposes the value of something is determined by it’s usefulnessAlso known as consequentialism
Feminist ethics Looks to the nature of relationships to guide participants in making difficult decisions, especially relationships in which power is unequal or in which a POV has become ignored or invisible
Ethics of care Strives to address issues beyond individual relationships by raising ethical concerns about the structures within which individual caring occurs (structures such as hospitals or universities)
Casuistry Case-based reasoning, turns away from conventional principles of ethics as a way to determine best actions and focuses instead on an “intimate understanding of particular situations”
Key Steps in the Resolution of an Ethical Dilemma 1) Ask the ? is this an ethical dilemma2) Gather info relevant to the case3) Clarify values; distinguish among fact, opinion, & values.4) Verbalize the problem5) Identify possible courses of action6) Negotiate a plan7) Evaluate the plan overtime
CHAPTER 9 Cultural Awareness
Health disparity A particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and\/or environmental disadvantage
Social determinants of health The conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age, shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national, and local levels
Culture Associated with norms, values, and traditions passed through generationsIt also has been perceived to be the same as ethnicity, race, nationality, and language
Intersectionality Overlapping of social categories such as race, class, gender as they apply to a given individual or group. Creates interdependent systems of discrimination\/disadvantage
Oppression A formal and informal system of advantages and disadvantages tied to our membership in social groups, such as those at work, at school, and in families
Culturally congruent care Care that fits a person’s life patterns, values, and system of meaning
Meaning of Disease and Illness Culture affects how an individual defines the meaning of illness
Cultural Competency The enabling of health care providers to deliver services that are respectful of and responsive to the health beliefs, practices, and cultural and linguistic needs of diverse patients
Culturally competent organizations – Value diversity- Conduct a cultural self assessment-Manage the dynamics of difference- Institutionalize cultural knowledge- Adapt to diversity
World view Determines how people perceive others, how they interact and relate to reality, and how they process information
Emic approach of studying a culture’s behavior from the perspective of an INSIDER
Etic approach of studying a culture’s behavior from the perspective of an OUTSIDER
Goal of cultural assessment To obtain accurate information from a patient that allows you to formulate a mutually acceptable and culturally relevant plan of care for each health problem of a patient
Explanatory model a patient’s views about health and illness and its treatment
LEARN ListenExplainAcknowledgeRecommendNegotiate
RESPECT RapportEmpathySupportPartnershipCultural competenceTrust
ETHNIC ExplanationTreatmentHealersNegotiateInterventionCollaboration
C-LARA CalmListenAffirmRespondAdd
Linguistic competence The ability of an organization and its staff to communicate effectively and convey information in a manner that is easily understood by diverse audiences
Teach Back technique Have patient repeat directionsobserve that message is understoodrestate directionsspeak louderspeak sloweruse a translator
Cultural encounter An intervention that involves a nurse directly interacting with patients from culturally diverse backgrounds
Cultural desire The motivation of a health care professional to “want to” not “have to” engage in the process of becoming culturally competent
Core measures Key quality indicators that help health care institutions improve performance, increase accountability, and reduce costs
CHAPTER 10 Caring for Families
Nuclear family Mother, father and children living as a unit
Extended family Includes the nuclear family plus grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins
Single-parent family Formed when one parent leaves the nuclear family because of death, divorce, or desertion or when a single person decides to have or adopt a child
Blended family Formed when a single parent marries another person, who may or may not have children
Alternative family Relationships include multi-adult households, “skip-generation” families (grandparents caring for grandchildren), communal groups with children, “nonfamilies” (adults living alone), and cohabitating partners
Five trends as threats or concerns facing families 1) Changing economic status2) Homelessness3) Domestic violence4) Presence of acute or chronic illnesses or trauma5) End of life care
Absolute Homelessness vs. Relative Homelessness Absolute – people without physical shelter who sleep outdoors, in vehicles, in abandoned buildings, or in other places not intended for human habitationRelative – describes those who have a physical shelter but one that does not meet the standards of health and safety
Stages of Family Life Cycle
Family Health System (FHS) InteractiveDevelopmentalCopingIntegrityHealth
Family hardiness Internal strengths and durability of the family unit; characterized by a sense of control over the outcome of life events and hardships, a view of change as beneficial and growth-producing, and an active rather than passive orientation in responding to stressful life events
Family resiliency Helps to evaluate healthy responses when individuals and families experience stressful events
Family nursing practice has three levels of approaches 1) Family as context2) Family as patient3) Family as system
Family as context Primary focus is on the health and development of an individual member existing within a specific environment
Family as patient Family processes and relationships are the primary focuses of nursing care
Family as system A family can be seen as a relatively organized collection of interdependent parts that act together as a whole unit
Nursing process for the family 1) Assess al individuals within their family context2) Assess the family as patient3) Assess the family as a system
Family Caregiving A family process that occurs in response to an illness and encompasses multiple cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal processes<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Exam 1: NR222 \/ NR 222 (Latest Update 2024\/ 2025) Health & Wellness Review| Complete Guide with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct -Chamberlain Exam 1: NR222 \/ NR 222 (Latest Update2024\/ 2025) Health & Wellness Review|Complete Guide with Questions and VerifiedAnswers| 100% Correct -ChamberlainQ: Health Services PyramidAnswer:Managing health instead of illnessEmphasis on wellnessInjury prevention […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-132014","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exams-certification"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/132014","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=132014"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/132014\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=132014"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=132014"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=132014"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}