. closure of semilunar valves.
pulse rate heart rate 60-100 bpm.
What do vasodilators do? dilates (opens) blood vessels, which allows blood to flow more easilyexample: nitroglycerin
What do beta blockers do? -decrease heart rate and blood pressure-treat HTN & dysrhythmias -reduce angina attacks
arteriosclerosis hardening of blood vessels
Atherosclerosis plaque build up in the coronary artery causing clots, often leads to MI.
Diuretics medications administered to increase urine secretion in order to remove excess sodium and\/or water.- treats high blood pressure and congestive heart failure
anticoagulant a drug that prevents clotting of the blood
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Transports cholesterol from liver to cellsMajor factor contributing to atheroma formation
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) “Transports cholesterol away from the peripheral cells to liver\u2014””good”” lipoproteinCatabolism in liver and excretion”
angina pectoris chest pain that results when the heart does not get enough oxygen – recurrent, intermittent brief episodes of substernal chest pain
unstable angina prolonged chest pain at rest
Stable angina chest pain that occurs when a person is active or under severe stress
Nitroglycerin A drug that helps to dilate the coronary vessels that supply the heart muscle with blood.
Warning signs of a heart attack Feeling of pressure, heaviness, or burning in chest – especially with increased activitySudden shortness of breath, weakness, fatigueNausea, indigestionAnxiety and fear Pain may occur and if present is usuallySubsternalCrushingRadiating
Emergency Treatment for Angina Rest, stop activityPatient seated in upright positionAdministration of nitroglycerin\u2014sublingualCheck pulse and respiration.Administer oxygen, if necessary.Patient known to have angina–Second dose of nitroglycerinPatient without history of angina–Emergency medical aid
What is a myocardial infarction? Occurs when coronary artery is totally obstructed – commonly due to atherosclerosis
pacemaker of the heart SA node
congestive heart failure When the heart cannot maintain pumping capability
What decreases in congestive heart failure? cardiac output or stroke volume
Expected findings for left sided heart failure -pulmonary congestion aka pulmonary edema – crackles ^- pink frothy sputum ^- orthopnea- dyspnea- tachycardia ( rapid HR)- FLUID ACCUMULATES IN THE LUNGS
pulmonary congestion pulmonary edema – cough- crackles- wheezes- PINK FROTHY SPUTUM-tachypnea ( rapid breathing)
Expected findings for right sided heart failure – distended jugular veins- dependent edema – Hepatomegaly
dependent edema swelling in the lower body
hepatomegaly enlarged liver and spleen
How does blood flow through the heart? Inferior and superior vena cava (1) dump blood into the right atrium (2)Right ventricle (3)2 pulmonary arteries (4) that lead to the lungs (5) where blood becomes oxygenatedPulmonary veins (6) bring blood from the lungs back to the left atrium (7)Left ventricle (8) is large and muscular to pump blood into the aorta (9) and to the rest of the body (10)Eventually blood will be pumped back to each vena cava (1)
What part of the heart imports deoxygenated blood? right side
pericarditis inflammation of the pericardial sac, disabling the heart to contract, decrease in relaxation, causing cardiac output to decrease.
endocarditis inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
why is the aortic valve a killer? because the aorta gives 02
Myocardium – thick, middle layer of the heart and is composed of cardiac muscle. \u2026 – responsible for the hearts contraction (heart beat)
endocardium inner lining of the heart
Pericardium Membrane surrounding the heart
P wave atrial depolarization (contraction)
rheumatic fever (rheumatic heart disease) an inflammatory disease that occurs mainly in children and affects the heart valves and joints (it can follow after diseases such as strep throat and scarlet fever)
Acute stage of Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease – pericarditis- endocarditis
systolic pressure exerted when blood is ejected from the ventricles (higher)
diastolic pressure sustained pressure when ventricles relax (low)
What alters blood pressure? cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral resistance to blood flow
what is blood pressure directly proportional to? blood volume
Who is at greater risk for hypertension? African american male
What do antidiuretic hormones do, in regards to blood pressure? increase BP
primary hypertension -Blood pressure consistently above 140\/90-Increase in arteriolar vasoconstriction-Over long period of time – damage to arterial walls-Blood supply to involved area is reduced. -Ischemia and necrosis of tissues with loss of function
secondary hypertension high BP results from renal or endocrine disease
Prehypertension the condition of having blood pressure between 120\/80 mmHg and 139\/89 mmHg, considered an indication of risk for hypertension.
hypertension risk factors -smoking-obesity-sedentary lifestyle-Race-Age-Stress-Alcohol consumption
Late signs of hypertension headache, epistaxis (nose bleed\/ warning sign for stroke), lightheadedness, syncope
syncope temporary loss of consciousness caused by a fall in blood pressure
Increased sodium indicates ___<\/em> increased fluid volume
aneurysm localized dilation and weakening of arterial wall
RAAS Renin is released by kidneys in response to decreased blood volume; causes angiotensinogen to split & produce angiotensin I; lungs convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II; angiotensin II stimulates adrenal gland to release aldosterone & causes an increase in peripheral vasoconstriction- increases BP, do not want when a client has HTN
Arteries Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Capillaries Smallest blood vessels
Veins Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
thrombus a solid clot
Apoptosis programmed cell death
Bradykinin a chemical mediator released during inflammation causing vasodilation
cachexia extreme weight loss and body wasting assoc. w serious illness
dysrhythmia irregular heartbeat
peripheral resistance the opposition to flow that blood encounters in vessels away from the heart
Ventricle a cavity or chamber that can be filled with fluid
Hypoxia a decreased or insufficient level of oxygen in the tissues
Asystole absence of contractions of the heart
somatic death death of the entire person
the heart is a muscle or pump
valve between the right atrium and right ventricle tricuspid valve
the valve between left atria and left ventricle bicuspid (mitral) valve
the valve through which oxygenated blood goes to the rest of the body bicuspid\/mitral valve
the valve through which venous blood goes to the lungs to get oxygen pulmonary valve
the valve through which oxygenated blood is pumped to the rest of the body aortic valve
the structures of the heart that control heart rate and conduction sinoatrial node & atrioventricular node
What does aldosterone control in RAAS? sodium reabsorption \/ volume – preload
What does angiotensin II do in RAAS? resistance \/ after load
What is the end product of RAAS? Aldosterone which increases Na reabsorption which increases blood pressure as well as potassium decreased b\/c it leaves through urine
Warning signs of heart attack Feeling of pressure, heaviness, or burning in chest – especially with increased activitySudden shortness of breath, weakness, fatigueNausea, indigestionAnxiety and fear Pain may occur and if present is usuallySubsternalCrushingRadiating
ischemia reduced blood supply to the tissues
hypoxia body isn’t receiving enough oxygen
anoxia absence of oxygen
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
Ventilation movement of air in and out of the lungs
hypercapnia increased carbon dioxide in the blood
hypocapnia low co2 in the blood – may be caused by hypoventilation
hypoxemia deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
Dyspnea difficulty breathing
Asthma ventilation problem due to bronchiole obstruction
signs of asthma – Dyspnea, coughing, wheezing- Mucus production
Hyperventilation increased o2 and lowered co2
what kind of issue is asthma? ventilation
what is a complication of asthma? status asmaticus
bronchitis hyperplasia of goblet cells\u2026 leading to destruction of the bronchiole from mucous due to inflammation
what kind of issue is bronchitis? ventilation
what symptoms occur in bronchitis? productive cough,
Emphysema destruction of alveolar walls, loss of elastic recoil
what type of issue is emphysema? diffusion
symptoms of emphysema barrel chested, prolonged exhalation, wheezing and ronchi, pink complexion, finger clubbing
Pneumonia symptoms green yellow sputum, crackles, fever, chills
pneumonia infection of the lung leading to fluid buildup
what type of issue is pneumonia? diffusion
Tuberculosis local inflammation due to organism entering alveoli lungs and destroy alveoli
what issue is tuberculosis? diffusion
symptoms of tuberculosis red sputum (hemoptysis)
pulmonary embolism Blocking of a pulmonary artery due to a blood clot
symptoms of pulmonary embolism chest pain, cough, dyspnea
who is at risk for a pulmonary embolism? patients that are immobile or bedridden, post surgery patients , 90% deep vein thrombosis
what type of issue is pulmonary embolism? perfusion – clot in blood vessel causes lung problems
pulmonary edema fluid in the alveoli reduces the amount of o2 diffusing to blood and causes fluid buildup in lungs
pulmonary edema may develop when left heart failure, pulmonary HTN, inflammation in lungs
symptoms of pulmonary edema pink frothy sputum, orthopnea, rales
Impetigo bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture
vitiligo small areas of hypopigmentation
Melasma patches of darker skin
Melanin gives skin its pigment
Keratin protein found in skin, prevents fluid loss and entry
Folliculitis Inflammation of the hair follicle due to localized bacterial infection
furuncle boil; suppurative inflammatory skin lesion due to infected hair follicle
Cellulitis infection of the dermis, red swollen, painful, caused by staph aureus
Impetigo infection caused by staph aureus, common in infants and children, lesions begin as small vesicles, then pustules rupture to form yellow brown crusty masses
tinea capitis fungal infection of the scalp
tinea pedis fungal infection of the foot; athlete’s foot
squamous cell carcinoma malignant tumor of the epidermis, due to excessive exposure to the sun,
malignant melanoma highly metastatic form of cancer, develops from a mole. use ABCD approach for diagnosis
Macule flat, colored spot on the skin – birthmark, freckle
papule small, firm, elevated lesion ex: raised mole or wart
plaque Large, slightly elevated lesion with flat surface, often topped by scale ex; psoriasis
pustule elevated lesion containing pus ex: pimple – impetigo
vesicle fluid filled sac – blister – chicken pox
petechiae red or purple skin lesion due to bleeding due to injury,
atopic dermatitis Excess inflammation; dry skin, redness, and itching from allergies and irritants.dry, scaly, pruritic rash , genetic tendency, type 1 HS,
Psoriasis chronic skin condition producing red lesions covered with silvery scales . epidermal cell turnover is 2 to 4 weeks to 1 to 4 days . VERY FAST
Pemphigus autoimmune disease that causes skin blistering – skin shedding leaving area painful and open to secondary infection, we see vesicles<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Exam 2: NR283 \/ NR 283 (Latest Update 2024\/2025) Pathophysiology Review| Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct -Chamberlain Exam 2: NR283 \/ NR 283 (Latest Update2024\/2025) Pathophysiology Review|Questions and Verified Answers| 100%Correct -ChamberlainQ: What is cardiac output?Answer:Volume of blood ejected by the heart in one minute:cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volumeQ: What is […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-132081","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exams-certification"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/132081","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=132081"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/132081\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=132081"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=132081"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=132081"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}