https:\/\/learnexams.com\/search\/study?query=NR<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\nFat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
Risk for toxicity
Dependent on cellular process of absorption
They can be stored in the body as fat<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Transportation, metabolization, and elimination are all steps in the process of moving.
Fat soluble vitamins to the cells<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Unique characteristics of fat soluble vitamins
Absorved with lipids and high risk of toxicity<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamin A
ACtive form is called retinol, has a yellow color pigment.
Helped with the growth of teeth and bone
Boosts immune system
Keep cell healthy
help rods and cones in the eyes
decrease probability of skin cancer<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamin A Physiological actions:
maintains epithelial tissues (skin and mucous membranes)\u200b
formation of rhodopsin (purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment present in the retina) for vision\u200b
bone growth and reproduction\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamin A deficiency causes
Night blindness
Xerophthalmia
keratomalcia
blindness<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamin A is found in
Green, yellow and orange fruits and vegetables, broccoli and carrots and animal, milk and liver.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamin A in excess may cause
Weakness, anorexia, vomiting, and an enlarged spleen and liver. However, toxicity is rare with healthy food consumption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamin D Physiological actions
regulates calcium and phosphorus\u200b
assists with bone mineralization and regulation of blood calcium levels\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamin D deficiency causes
rickets in children\u200b
osteomalacia in adults\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamin D toxicity manifests as
Hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamins D comes from
Sun exposure
healthy diet and animal sources, such as butter, egg yolks, fatty fish, liver, and fortified milk.
Salmon, mackerel, eggs, sardines, caviar<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamin E Physiological actions
Protects cell walls
Antioxidant properities<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamins Deficiency causes
Primary deficiencies are rare.
Secondary deficiencies cause metabolic and neurological deficits\u200b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamin E can be found in
Foods such as plant-based vegetables oils, whole grains, seeds, nuts, and green, leafy vegetables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamin E toxicity
Are rare. Hovewer, supplement use is contraindicated with anticoagulant drugs (risk for bleeding)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamin E Deficiency signs and symptoms
Anemia
Hair loos
Muscle weakness
Leg cramps
Cancer
Blindness
Dry skin
Fertility problems
immune impairment<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamin K Physiological actions
required for synthesis of prothrombin and other clotting factors (VII, IX, and X)\u200b
formation of protein\u200b
produced in the intestinal tract by bacteria\u200b
warfarin overdose (reversal agent used)\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamin K Deficiency causes
New born<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Toxic levels of vitamin K
most often from injection reactions in infants, causing hemolytic anemia and hyperbilirubinemia.\u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamin K sources
green, leafy vegetables, such as kale, collard greens, and spinach, and in green vegetables, such as broccoli, brussels sprouts, and asparagus. It is also produced in the intestinal tract by bacteria.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fact about vitamin K
It is produced by our own intestinal bacteria, often in adequate amounts, as required for our metabolic needs. Therefore, supplement use is rarely needed<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Thiamine (B1) function
Coezyme in energy metabolism. role in nerve functioning related to muscle actions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Thiamine (B1) sources
lean pork, whole or enriched grains and flours, legumes, seeds, and nuts
Refined flour and rice are thiamine enriched<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Thiamine (B1) Deficiency
Psychologic distrubances, headaches, fatigue, irritability<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Beriberi Ataxia and Tachycardia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome \u2013 a cerebral form (chronic alcoholism)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Riboflavin (B2)Function and sources
Coenzyme in energy release
milk is a major source, whole and enriched grains, meats, fish, poultry, eggs, broccoli, dark leafy greens, asparagus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Riboflavin (B2) deficiency
Ariboflavinosis – Cheilosis (swollen lips; cracks in corner of mouth)
Glossitis: Toungue inflamed swollen, purple, red color
seborrheic (scalp) dermatitis
Roboflaxin: Very sensitive, lost in cooking water.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Niacin (B3) Function
coenzyme for many enzymes, especially energy metabolism; critical for glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Niacin (B3) Sources
protein-containing foods (meats, poultry, fish, legumes, enriched cereals, milk, coffee, tea)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Niacin (B3) deficiency
pellagra: 3 Ds (Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia)
Risk Factor Alcoholism<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pyridoxine (B6) Function
Acts as a coenzyme in metabolism of amino acids and proteins
Necessary for hemoglobin synthesis
Required for conversion of trytophan to niacin
coenzyme for fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pyridoxine (B6) sources
widespread in foods, especially whole grains and cereals, legumes, chicken, fish, pork, and eggs<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pyridoxine (B6) deficiency
rare to occur alone; accompanies low intake of other B vitamins.
Dermatitis, altered nerve function, weakness, poor growth, convulsions, and microcytic anemia
Some drugs that affect the biovailability and metabolism: oral contraceptics, isoniazid, penicillamine, cycloserine, and hydralazine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Folate (B9) functions
Coenzyme in one-carbon transfer during metabolism;<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Required for the synthesis of amino acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA); Consists of the heme portion of hemoglobin; Role in proper formation of fetal neural tubes, which affects brain and spinal cord development; helps prevent spina bifida and anencephaly<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Folate (B9) Sources
leafy green vegetables, legumes, some fruits, fortified cereal grains<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Folate (B9) deficiency
megaloblastic anemia, glossitis, diarrhea, irritability, absent mindedness, depression, anxiety<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Deficiency during pregnancy = increased risk for neural tube defects = increase from 400 to 600 during pregnancy)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
May mak the presence of pernicious anemia<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Biotin (B7) function
important role in CHO, fat, and protein metabolism<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Biotin (B7) sources
Richest sources are liver, kidney, peanut butter, egg yolks, and yeast<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Biotin (B7) deficiency
Unknown if typical North American diet is consumed, but possible with intravenous feedings and long-term antibiotic use<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cobalamin (B12) Functions
Modifies folate coenzymes to active forms;
Required for metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids; Develops and maintains myelin sheaths around nerve fibers; Role in supporting functions such as DNA and RNA synthesis<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cobalamin (B12) Sources
Only animal derived foods (meat, fish, poultry, eggs, dairy)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Cobalamin (B12) deficiency
Usually, secondary; Lack of intrinsic factor may result in pernicious anemia; May result in megaloblastic anemia; Additional neurologic due to myelin sheath breakdown; Neuropsychiatric effects include delusions and hallucinations;<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vegetarians\/vegans at risk<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Older adults at risk; May be misdiagnosed as senility and masked by folate levels<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pantothenic Acid
Required for metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and protein<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pantothemic acid source
widespread in foods, especially whole grain cereals, legumes, meat, fish, poultry<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pantothenic acid toxicity
May produce diarrhea or water retention<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Choline function and sources
synthesis of acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter) and lecithin (the phospholipid)
Sources: Milk eggs, peanuts<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Choline toxicity
sweating, fishy body odor, vomiting, liver damage, reduced growth, and hypotension<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Function
Antioxidant and coenzyme; Collagen formation (teeth and bones); Wound healing (new tissues require Vit C); As antioxidant, may prevent damage to vascular walls by free radicals, thereby limiting atherosclerosis; Enhances absorption of nonheme iron<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Sources
fruits and vegetables; include citrus fruits, red and green peppers, strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, broccoli, green leafy vegetables, and fortified foods<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamin C deficiency symptoms
Scurvy: extreme vitamin C deficiency: gingivitis, joint and limb aches, bruising, hemorrhages, plaques, and death<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Marginal deficiency: poor wound health, gingivitis, inadequate tooth and bone growth\/ maintenance, increased risk of infection<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamin C toxicity
Chronic supplement megadose intake of 1 to 15 g may result in cramps, diarrhea, nausea, kidney stones, and gout and may interfere with action of anticlotting medication<\/p>\n\n\n\n
sodium deficiency
Hyponatremia – Caused by dehydration or excessive diarrhea;<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Symptoms<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Muscle cramps, weakness, confusion, reduced ability to concentrate, memory loss, headache, and appetite loss<\/p>\n\n\n\n
sodium toxicity
Hypernatremia – Hypertension and edema; Kidneys responsible for excess excretion<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Potasium sources
unprocessed foods, potatoes, tomatoes, bananas, oranges, other fruits, vegetables, dairy products, legumes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Potassium deficiency
Hypokalemia – Causes: dehydration from vomiting or diarrhea, diuretics, and misuse of laxatives<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Symptoms: muscle weakness, confusion, appetite loss, and, in severe cases, cardiac dysrhythmias<\/p>\n\n\n\n
potassium toxicity
Hyperkalemia – Caused by dehydration or supplement use<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Symptoms: muscle weakness, vomiting, and, at excessively high levels, cardiac dysrhythmia\/arrest<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Calcium function
Structure and storage (99% of calcium is in bones); 1% in body fluids; play a role in central nervous system function, muscle contraction & relaxation, blood clotting, & BP regulation<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Calcium Sources
Dairy products (milk and milk-based products) not cottage cheese; Broccoli, kale, mustard greens<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Small fish with small bones (canned salmon and sardines)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Fortified foods (soy milk, orange juice, tofu)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Legumes (navy beans are the highest)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Calcium deficiency
Reduced bone density
osteoporosis<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Calcium Toxicity
Constipation; urinary stones; reduced iron and zinc absorption<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Phosphorus functions
Bone and tooth formation; energy metabolism; acid-base balance<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Phosphorus Source
widely available in foods, especially protein-rich foods;
Meat, fish, poultry, dairy, eggs, and cereal grains (also available in soda [the fizzy part])<\/p>\n\n\n\n
phosphorus toxicity
Excessive phosphorus, usually from supplements, causes calcium excretion<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Magnesium function
Structural and storage function in bones;
Regulates nerve and muscle function, including heart; Assists enzymes for many bodily functions’ Role in blood-clotting process and immune system<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Magnesium Sources
unprocessed foods, whole grains, legumes, leafy green vegetables, broccoli, hard water<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Magnesium deficiency
Usually due to secondary cause; Excessive vomiting and diarrhea;
Gastrointestinal disorder; Kidney disease; Alcoholism and malnutrition; Symptoms: muscle twitching, weakness, convulsion<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sulfur functions
Present in all cells and a component of protein structures<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Sulfur sources
all protein containing foods<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chloride
Extracellular anion that maintains fluid inside and outside cells; Component of hydrochloric acid (HCL) in gastric juice<\/p>\n\n\n\n
chloride toxicity
imbalance caused by dehydration<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Chloride sources
Table salt and food with sodium<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Iron Functions
Distributes oxygen in hemoglobin and myoglobin; growth<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Iron sources
Heme source: meat, fish, poultry, egg yolks<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Nonheme source: vegetables, legumes, whole grains, enriched grains<\/p>\n\n\n\n
iron deficiency
Microcytic anemia (women & children at risk);<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dont take with Antacids and milk inhibit absorption<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Iron toxicity
Hemosiderosis \u2013 iron builds up in the tissue\u2019s; hemochromatosis<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamin C enhances absorption<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Iodine function
Thyroxine synthesis regulates growth and development; regulation of BMR<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Iodine Source
iodized salt, seafood<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Iodine deficiency
Decreases thyroxine, causing sluggishness and weight gain, goiter, cretinism (if during pregnancy)<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Iodine Toxicity
Thyrotoxicosis: iodine-induced goiter<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Antioxidants
work against free radicals in our body and are believed to help decrease the risk of certain diseases, enhance health, and promote overall wellness. Antioxidants can protect against the cell damage that free radicals cause, known as oxidative stress.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Antioxidant vitamin A
may decrease the risk of various cancer-types and cardiovascular disease.
green, yellow, and orange fruit and vegetables, such as sweet potatoes, squash, broccoli and carrots
animal fat sources, such as whole milk and liver<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Antioxidants Vitamin C
may decrease the risk of various cancer-types and cardiovascular disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Antioxidant Vitamin E
Vitamin E may decrease the risk of various cancer-types. It may prevent or delay cataracts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Major Food Sources<\/p>\n\n\n\n
plant-based vegetable oils<\/p>\n\n\n\n
whole grains, seeds<\/p>\n\n\n\n
nuts<\/p>\n\n\n\n
green, leafy vegetables<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Antioxidants: Selenium
Selenium prevents cellular and lipid damage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Major Food Sources<\/p>\n\n\n\n
meat<\/p>\n\n\n\n
fish<\/p>\n\n\n\n
eggs<\/p>\n\n\n\n
whole grains<\/p>\n\n\n\n
spinach<\/p>\n\n\n\n
mushrooms<\/p>\n\n\n\n
RDA: no more the 200ug<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Factors that lead to oxydative stress
Smoking
Environmental pollution
Ischemia
Exposure to drugs
Processed foods
radiation
exposure to chemicals
Industrial solvents
Ozone
Food additives
Excessive exercise<\/p>\n\n\n\n
People are at higuer risk factor for serious foodborne illnesses.
children under 5 years
adults aged 65 and older
people with weakened immune systems
pregnant women<\/p>\n\n\n\n
BMI <18.5
underweight<\/p>\n\n\n\n
BMI 18.5-24.9
normal weight<\/p>\n\n\n\n
BMI 25-29.9
overweight<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Undernutrition wasting
Low weight for height.
Caused by a lack of food or disease that cause diarrhea and weight loss.
Treatment is possible but there is a high chance of death<\/p>\n\n\n\n
stunting
low height for age,
It is chronic undernutrition associated with poor socioeconomic, poor maternal health and nutrition, frequent illness, and\/or inapropriate infant and young child feeding
It can be areson for physical and cognitive delays<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The nurse midwife should refer which prenatal clients for nutritional counseling with a registered dietitian?
A client with obesity
Client with twin pregnancy
Client who identifies themselves as vegan
client with gestational diabetes<\/p>\n\n\n\n
teach pregnant women about nutrition on this
Inrease protein requirements
Prenatal multivitamins and food high in: folate, B12, Iron,
Avoid: Raw foods<\/p>\n\n\n\n
If the pregnant client is obese
Risk for
Preclampsia
Gestational diabetes
Cesarian delivery<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Women >35 of age are at high risk for poor pregnancy outcome
-Nutritional evaluation
-Gestational diabetes
-Potential long-term use of oral contraceptives (may affect folate levels)
-Longer medical history<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Adolescent Pregnancy
-Dietary factors
-Lack of economic resources
-Potential delay in seeking medical care
-Preoccupation of weight gain
-Psychologic maturity<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Preclampsia
-Leading Cause of Prematurity, Maternal\/Fetal Death
-Progress To Eclampsia\/Seizures<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Pregnancy concerns with diabetes mellitus
-Maternal Gestational Diabetes
\u2023Screening In Second Trimester
-Infant Macrosomia
-Infant Hypoglycemia
-Infant Hyperbilirubinemia<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Exam 2: NR228 \/ NR 228 (Latest Update 2024\/2025) Nutrition, Health & Wellness: |Complete Guide with Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct -Chamberlain Exam 2: NR228 \/ NR 228 (Latest Update2024\/2025) Nutrition, Health & Wellness:|Complete Guide with Questions and VerifiedAnswers| 100% Correct -ChamberlainQ: Thiamine (B1) functionAnswer:Coezyme in energy metabolism. role in nerve function- ing related […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-132089","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exams-certification"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/132089","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=132089"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/132089\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=132089"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=132089"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.learnexams.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=132089"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}