Exam 1,Exam 2 & Final Exams: BIOS 256 \/ BIOS256 (2024\/ 2025 Updates BUNDLED TOGETHER) Anatomy and Physiology IV | Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct| A Grade – Chamberlain<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Exam 1: BIOS 256 \/ BIOS256 (2024\/ 2025
Update) Anatomy and Physiology IV
Complete Guide | Questions and Verified
Answers| 100% Correct| A Grade –
Chamberlain
QUESTION
Mucous cells
Answer:
secrete mucus<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Answer:
most numerous<\/p>\n\n\n\n
QUESTION
HCI contributes to what?
Answer:
nonspecific disease resistance by destroying most ingested pathogens
QUESTION
Functions of the liver
Answer:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Final Exam: BIOS 256 \/ BIOS256 (2024\/ 2025
Update) Anatomy and Physiology IV
Complete Guide _ Questions and Verified
Answers_ 100% Correct_ A Grade –
Chamberlain
QUESTION
Buffer
Answer:
\u00e6 Any mechanism that resists changes in pH
\u00e6 Convert strong acids or bases to weak ones
QUESTION
Physiological buffer
Answer:
System that controls output of acids, bases, or CO2
QUESTION
Chemical buffer
Answer:
Substance that binds H+ and removes it from solution as its concentration begins to rise or
releases H+ into solution as its concentration falls
-amount of acid or base neutralized depends on the concentration of the buffers and the pH of the
working environment
QUESTION
Some psychological buffers are?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Answer:
respiratory system, circulatory system, re- nal system
QUESTION
Some chemical buffers are?
Answer:
bicarbonate, protein, phosphate
QUESTION
When we breath we take in , mixes with , and forms ,
gets removed to retain ?
Answer:
When we breathe we take in carbon dioxide, mixes with water, and forms carbonic acid,
hydrogen ion gets removed and retains bicarbonate
QUESTION
To maintain pH this needs to happen
Answer:
either removing bicarbonate or hydro- gen ions
QUESTION
Bicarbonate buffer system
Answer:
Solution of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions
-coordinates with the lung and kidneys to help control pH and CO2
To lower pH: kidneys excrete bicarbonate(HCO3-)
To raise pH: kidneys excrete H+ and lungs excrete CO2<\/p>\n\n\n\n
QUESTION
Carbonic acid and bicarbonate ions participate in a reversible reaction
(bicarbonate buffer system)
Answer:
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 HCO3 + H+
QUESTION
The direction of the reaction determines whether it raises or lowers pH (bicarbonate buffer
system)
Answer:
CO2 + H2O \u2019 H2CO3 \u2019 HCO3 + H+<\/p>\n\n\n\n
QUESTION Exam 2: BIOS 256 \/ BIOS256 (2024\/ 2025 QUESTION QUESTION Exam 1: BIOS 256 \/ BIOS256 (2024\/ 2025 Leptin small mucosal projections that increase surface area for absorption Exam 2: BIOS 256 \/ BIOS256 (2024\/ 2025 Answer: QUESTION Final Exam: BIOS 256 \/ BIOS256 (2024\/ 2025 QUESTION QUESTION
Hemoglobin as a Buffer
Answer:
Hemoglobin in red blood cells acts as a buffer
-control pH by picking up excess hydrogen ions and taking it to the respiratory group which will
offload oxygen and pick up hydrogen to be removed
QUESTION
Respiratory Control of pH
Answer:
Hyperventilation & Hypoventilation
-metabolic acidosis increases ventilation
-buffers within minutes
-cannot alter pH as much as urinary system
QUESTION
When you hyperventilate what happens to the pH?
Answer:
it increases the pH
QUESTION
When you hypoventilate what happens to the pH?
Answer:
it decreases pH
QUESTION
Renal Control of pH
Answer:
-the kidneys control pH by absorbing bicarbonate and eliminate or retain hydrogen depending
on the pH.
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Update) Anatomy and Physiology IV Review
_ Questions and Verified Answers_ 100%
Correct_ A Grade -Chamberlain
QUESTION
about 4 hours during or after meal, nutrients being absorbed, nutrients may be used immediately
to meet energy and other needs
Answer:
absorptive (fed) state
QUESTION
stomach and intestines are empty, body’s energy needs are met from stored fuels
Answer:
post absorptive (fasting) state
QUESTION
what regulates absorptive state
Answer:
insulin
QUESTION
regulates glucose uptake by nearly all cells and have independent rates of uptake
Answer:
insulin<\/p>\n\n\n\n
the principal function of post absorptive state reactions is to
Answer:
maintain a normal blood glucose level
QUESTION
which hormone dominates in the post-absorptive state
Answer:
glucagon
QUESTION
the _<\/em><\/strong> of the hypothalamus is the body’s thermostat
Answer:
preoptic area
QUESTION
<\/em> feedback mechanisms conserve heat and increase heat production
Answer:
negative
QUESTION
inorganic elements that play important roles in maintaining a healthy body
Answer:
minerals<\/p>\n\n\n\n
nutrients required in small amounts to maintain growth and metabolism; most cannot be
synthesized by body and must be consumed in food
Answer:
vitamins
QUESTION
fat soluble vitamins
Answer:
A, D, E, K
QUESTION
which vitamin maintains general health, aids in growth of bones and teeth by regulating activity
of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and forms light-sensitive pigments in photoreceptors of retina
Answer:
A
QUESTION
which vitamin is essential for absorption of calcium and phosphorous in GI tract and works with
PTH to maintain calcium homeostasis
Answer:
D
QUESTION
which vitamin is involved in formation of RNA and DNA, help form cell structures, promote
wound healing, aids in normal structure of nervous system, acts as antioxidant
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Update) Anatomy and Physiology IV Review |
Questions and Verified Answers_ 100%
Correct_ A Grade -Chamberlain
QUESTION
Describe the portal triad of the liver and name the branches of the three vessels found in each
triad(in detail)
Answer:
-the meeting between three hepatic lobules, a hepatic triad is visible
-branches of the hepatic artery proper, hepatic portal vein, and bile duct
QUESTION
Describe the three phases of deglutition in order
Answer:
Voluntary (Buccal)phase: voluntary control, occurs in the mouth where the bolus is forced into
the oropharynx pharyngeal phase: is involuntary and occurs when food is squeezed through the
pharynx and into the esophagus
Esophageal phase: involuntary, movement of the bolus through the esophagus and into the
stomach.
QUESTION
Identify and describe three hormones that help in digestion
Answer:
Ghrelin :
-Stimulated by the cephalic phase of digestion and increased near normal mealtimes
-Triggers the feeling of hunger
Gastrin
-Promotes secretion of gastric juice, increases gastric motility, promotes growth of gastric
mucosa
-Constricts lower esophageal sphincter, relaxes pyloric sphincter<\/p>\n\n\n\n
-Stimulated by the presence of insulin
-Signals the hypothalamus to limit food intake
-Triggers the feeling of satiety
QUESTION
Describe the details of digestion from the oral cavity to the anus
Answer:
1.inges- tion, the selective intake of food;
2.digestion, the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a form usable by the body;
3.absorption, the uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract and
then into the blood or lymph;
4.compaction, absorbing water and consolidating the indigestible residue into feces;
and finally,
5.defecation, the elimination of feces.
QUESTION
Saliva components
Answer:
Mucus
Electrolytes\/Buffers
Lysozymes
Immunoglobin A (IgA) Salivary amylase Lingual lipase
QUESTION
most absorption occurs where
Answer:
small intestine
QUESTION<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Answer:
villi
QUESTION
permanent transverse folds in the intestinal lining
Answer:
circular folds
QUESTION
four layers of the digestive tract
Answer:
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
(from inner to outer)
QUESTION
the submucosal plexus is located __<\/em>
Answer:
in the submucosa layer
QUESTION
the myenteric plexus is located between two layers of the
Answer:
muscularis externa
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Update) Anatomy and Physiology IV
Complete Guide _ Questions and Verified
Answers_ 100% Correct_ A Grade –
Chamberlain
QUESTION
Water-soluble vitamins
Answer:
Vitamins B and C
QUESTION
Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed where?
Answer:
Absorbed with water in small intestine and quickly excreted by kidneys, not stored
-held on to for a short time
QUESTION
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Answer:
\u00e6 Promotes hemoglobin synthesis, collagen synthe- sis, and sound connective tissue structure
\u00e6 An antioxidant that scavenges free radicals and possibly reduces the risk of cancer
-obtained from citrus’s such as oranges and pineapple, vegetables such as broccoli and peppers
-it is found everywhere in the body in connective tissues
QUESTION
B vitamins<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Function as coenzymes or parts of coenzyme molecules
\u00e6 Assist enzymes by transferring electrons from one metabolic reaction to another \u00e6 Make it
possible for enzymes to catalyze these reactions
-obtained from multivitamins, Red Bulls, and helps with energy supply
QUESTION
Vitamins are derived from
Answer:
organic sources
QUESTION
Fat-soluble vitamins
Answer:
A, D, E, K
QUESTION
Fat soluble vitamins are incorporated into?
Answer:
Incorporated into lipid micelles in the small intestine and absorbed with dietary lipids
-held on to for a longer time
QUESTION
Vitamin A
Answer:
Component of visual pigments
\u00e6 Promotes proteoglycan synthesis and epithelial maintenance
-found in carrots, any pigmented veggie<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Vitamin D
Answer:
Promotes calcium absorption and bone mineralization
-obtained from sunshine
-helps with muscle contractions and interactions of neurons in the brain
QUESTION
Vitamin K
Answer:
Essential for prothrombin synthesis and blood clotting
-found in bacteria in gut
-helps with blood clotting
QUESTION
Vitamin E
Answer:
Antioxidants like ascorbic acid
QUESTION
Metabolism is the sum of
Answer:
all Anabolic & Catabolic reactions in the body.
QUESTION
Anabolism is
Answer:
building bonds
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Update) Anatomy and Physiology IV Review
_ Questions and Verified Answers_ 100%
Correct_ A Grade -Chamberlain
QUESTION
how much sodium do adults need a day?
Answer:
0.5 g
QUESTION
how much sodium does the average american diet contain?
Answer:
3-7 g\/day
QUESTION
what is alkalosis?
Answer:
pH above 7.45
QUESTION
what happens during alkalosis?
Answer:
H+ diffuses out of the cells and K+ diffuses in<\/p>\n\n\n\n
during alkalosis, membrane _ occurs which leads to the nerves being overstimulated Answer: depolarization QUESTION a person will not live if the pH is below<\/em><\/strong> or _ Answer: 7.0, 7.7 QUESTION what is acidosis? Answer: pH below 7.35 QUESTION what happens during acidosis? Answer: H+ diffuses into cells and K+ diffuses out (elevates K+ in ECF) QUESTION during acidosis, membrane __<\/strong> occurs which make nerves hard to stimualte
Answer:
hyperpolarization<\/p>\n\n\n\n
what is normal pH?
Answer:
7.35-7.45
QUESTION
what is pH determined by?
Answer:
hydrogen ions
QUESTION
what is a buffer?
Answer:
mechanisms that resist changes in pH
QUESTION
buffer convert _ acids and bases to<\/em><\/strong> ones
Answer:
strong, weak
QUESTION
what do physiological buffers do?
Answer:
stabilizes pH by controlling the body’s output of acids, bases, or CO2<\/p>\n\n\n\n