NR 565 / NR565 Advanced Pharmacology Midterm Exam Review | Already Rated A | Latest, 2021/2022| Chamberlain College

NR 565 / NR565 Advanced
Pharmacology Midterm Exam Review
| Already Rated A | Latest, 2021/2022|
Chamberlain College

The significance of the VCORC1 mutation is that it is related to an
individual exhibiting warfarin resistance since it plays a role in
metabolizing the drug warfarin (Woo et al., 2016).
This means that the individual is prone to an increased risk of bleeding
which can lead to adverse outcomes for the individuals who exhibit this
genetic mutation (Fereidouni et al., 2019).
The VCORC1 mutation is responsible for producing a “subunit of the
vitamin K epoxide reductase complex” (Woo et al., 2016).
It is currently not required by the FDA to complete genetic testing prior
to starting warfarin, but as practitioners we should encourage our
patients to complete genetic testing so that we can accurately calculate the
correct dosage for warfarin without creating significant adverse outcomes
for these individuals.

New drugs are developed by researches in a lab first by looking into
disease processes and the medications that are used to help treat these
disease processes.
After looking at the medications to help treat disease better, researches
look into how to make the medications be more effective with less toxicity
or ‘side effects’. in order to do this, researchers start preclinical research.
During this phase researchers look into whether the drug is going to kill
people or cause serious harm to people. then they go into the clinical
phase.
The clinical phase is where they use the preclinical phase data and come
up with human research subjects. These usually consist of two groups
(one getting the new medication and one getting a ‘fake’ medication
(placebo).
Then this leads to step 4 the FDA drug review where they come up with
labels, safety updates, etc. Then they move on to the post market
monitoring where they actually pay attention to the way the medication is
being used and what for. (US Food and Drug Administration, 2018)

An antagonist according to our text is a drug that takes over a receptor
without stimulating that receptor.
We see the medication blocking the response of an agonist to that
receptor. Such as seen in a beta-blocker keeping the adrenergic nerve
activity from increasing the heart rate and therefore able to help decrease

the heart rate of the patient taking the medication. Antagonists can make
the agonist appear less potent.

The effect of the antagonist depends on that of the affinity for the
receptor and the blood levels noted in the patient (Woo RN PhD ARNP
CPNP-PC CNL FAANP, Teri Moser et al., 2015).
Another example would be naltrexone. This medication is used in patients
that want to not relapse in heroin or opioid usage.
The medication blocks the receptors for the opioids and does not allow
the drugs to connect to the receptors.
The problem with this is that it can cause an overdose if there is a relapse
(Pharmacological Treatment | Medication Assisted Recovery, n.d.).

According to Woo & Robinson (2016), efficacy in medicine means the
power of producing the maximum effect of a drug (Woo & Robinson,
2016, p. 14).
When thinking about efficacy and medication, an example may include
hypertension medication and how it lowers blood pressure but can also
have an effect on other mechanisms in the body such as heart rate or
kidney function.
Patients who are prescribed new medication should be monitored closely
on how it may affect the patient’s outcome. It also states that drugs with
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