ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 4 WITH UPDATED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS

ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 4 WITH UPDATED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS
The inability to smile symmetrically is a sign of cranial nerve VII dysfunction (facial
nerve). The inability to open the mouth against resistance is related to a dysfunction of
cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve). Loss of a gag reflex correlates with dysfunction of
cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal nerve). Deviation in tongue position when the
patient extends it is a sign of cranial nerve XII (hypoglossal nerve) dysfunction.
The cerebellum is responsible for reflexive, involuntary fine-tuning of motor control and
for maintaining balance and posture through extensive neural connections with the
medulla and with the midbrain. The cerebrum is the site of higher brain function. The
diencephalon controls vital functions and visceral activities and is closely associated
with those of the limbic system. The brainstem contains the reticular formation which is
a large network of diffuse nuclei that connect the brainstem to the cortex and control
vital reflexes, such as cardiovascular function and respiration. It is essential for
maintaining wakefulness and attention.
A patient has a spinal cord injury that included damage to the upper motor neurons.
What assessment finding would the healthcare provider associate with this injury?
1. Permanent paralysis below the level of the injury
2. Initial paralysis, but gradual partial recovery later
3. Hemiplegia on the contralateral side of the body
4. Notable increase in the amount of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
ANS: B
Upper motor neurons (i.e., corticospinal tract) are the classification of motor pathways
completely contained within the CNS. Their primary roles include directing,
influencing, and modifying reflex arcs, lower-level control centers, and motor and some
sensory neurons. Damage or destruction to upper motor neurons generally results in
partial paralysis that is followed by a gradual and partial recovery. Permanent paralysis
is usually the result of lower motor neuron destruction. Hemiplegia is often due to an
injury or obstruction of the anterior cerebral artery. Changes in CSF production are a
known age-related change and are due to atrophy of epithelial cells and thickening of
the basement membrane in the choroid plexus. 

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