BIO 1011 EXAM (SOUTH UNI) QNS & ANS 2026/2027 (11pages)

1. Analyze the anatomical structure of ten different organelles in the cell and their respective functions. a. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): is not attached to th nucleus but synthesizes carbohydrates (sugars) and lipids (fats) b. Ribosomes- makes prole I for the cell which reads the DNA strands to instruct it to make proteins for the cell to use during regular activities. From this units grips around a strand of nucleic acids; made up of 2 protein subunits c. Lysome - destroys waste to clean up cell. Vesicles carry the waste (bacteria, old organelles, into lysome). Once inside the waste is destroyed and recycled. d. Mitochondria- Coverts carbs taken from food into ATP. It’s unique in that it has 2 protective cells. Produces energy. e. Golgi apparatus- responsible for shipping packages around the cell. This is made up of flattened folded sac. It receives, tags and sends vesicles to its destination. f. Vacuole- helps to preserve tungor pressure inside the cell. This pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall. g. Microtubules- main building blocks form he cytoskeleton. Movement of material and structure within the cells h. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)- involves many interconnected membrane sacs called cisternae onto external surfaces ribosomes ae attached. i. Peroxisomes- breaks down fatty acids, excess purines to urea, toxic compounds and help contribute to biosynthesis of certain molecules . j. Microfilaments- formed from actin. Helps define the shape of the cell including structure of microvilli [Lis]. 2. Distinguish among the four tissue types found in the human body. Provide an example of each type with its function and location. a. Epithelial- protects the body from loss of moisture, bacteria, and internal injury. Its closely packed flattened cells that make up the lining and covering of body area. Example of this would be skin. b. Connective- provides structure and support the body. Two types are lose and fibrous tissue. Example of connective would be cartlitage