BIO 1021 Biology II COMPLETED EXAM 2026 (17pages)

1. What is the difference between active and passive immunity? Give an example of each. - Active immunity is when the body produces its own antibodies in response to an antigen, such as a vaccine or an infection. Passive immunity is when the body receives antibodies from another source, such as breast milk or an injection of immunoglobulin. An example of active immunity is getting vaccinated against measles. An example of passive immunity is receiving antibodies from the mother through the placenta or breast milk. - Rationale: This question tests the student's knowledge of the types and sources of immunity, which are important for understanding how the immune system protects the body from diseases. 2. What are the three types of muscle tissue in the human body? Where are they found and what are their functions? - The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and allows for voluntary movement of the body. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and pumps blood throughout the circulatory system. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach, intestines, bladder, and blood vessels, and controls involuntary movements such as peristalsis, digestion, and vasoconstriction. - Rationale: This question tests the student's knowledge of the structure and function of muscle tissue, which are important for understanding how the body performs various movements and functions. 3. What are the four main types of macromolecules that make up living organisms? What are their monomers and functions? - The four main types of macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates are composed of monosaccharides (simple sugars) and serve as a source of energy and structural support for cells. Lipids are composed of fatty acids and glycerol and serve as a source of energy, insulation, protection, and cell membrane components. Proteins are composed of amino acids and serve as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, transporters, structural components, and regulators of gene expression. Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides and store and transmit genetic information in the form of DNA and RNA. - Rationale: This question tests the student's knowledge of the composition and function of macromolecules, which are important for understanding how cells perform various biochemical reactions and processes.