BIOD 151 MODULE 4 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM EXAM QUESTIONS GUIDE WITH PICTURES/ALREADY GRADED A

BIOD 151 MODULE 4 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM EXAM QUESTIONS GUIDE WITH PICTURES/ALREADY GRADED A

Functions of the Skeleton
1. Protects vital organs
2. Flat bones produce blood cells
3. Storage areas for inorganic calcium and phosphorus salts
4. Provide sites for attachment of muscles, tendons, and ligaments
5. Long bones permit flexible body movement
6. Large bones support the body against the pull of gravity
(Protect, produce, store, provide, permit, support)
5 Types of Bones
Long, flat, short, irregular, sesamoid
Long Bones
Long and thin; designed to support body weight and enable movement
Ex: humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals
Flat Bones
Bones of the skull, ribs, and breastbone
Produce blood cells
Short Bones
Small and cubed shaped
Ex: carpals in the hand and tarsals in the foot
Irregular Bones
Varied in structure with ridges or irregular surfaces
Ex: vertebrae and pelvic bones
Skull
Forms a protective encasement for the brain
Formed by 22 bones: the cranium (8 bones) and facial bones (14 bone)
Rib Cage
Provides protection for the heart and lungs
Vertebrae
Irregular bones designed to protect the spinal cord and enable spinal movements
Pelvic Bones
Ilium, ischium, pubis
Sesamoid Bones
Small and round; reinforce tendons
Ex: patella
Bone Landmarks
Distinct markings, ridges, grooves, or holes on each bone
Functions of Bone Landmarks
1. Some allow for tendons to attach
2. Indicate where nerves and blood vessels run alongside the bone or penetrate the bone to provide
blood and nerve supply
Foremen, Canal, Fissure
Type of bone landmark; openings in bone to allow for nerves, blood supply, or a passageway
Sinus
Type of bone landmark; hollow chamber in bone, usually filled with air
Process, Ramus
Type of bone landmark; elevations in bone
Trochanter, Tuberosity, Tubercle, Crest, Line, Spine
Type of bone landmark; processes or projections for tendon or ligament attachment
Head, Neck, Condole, Trochlea, Facet
Type of bone landmark; processes designed for articulation with adjacent bones
Fossa, Sulcus
Type of bone landmark; depressions in bone
What are the two main divisions of the human skeleton?
Axial and Appendicular
Axial Skeleton
Lies on the midline of the body; consists of the skull, vertebral column, sternum, laryngeal skeleton, and
thoracic cage
Cranium
Protects the brain and is composed of 8 bones fitted tightly together in adults
Fontanelles
AKA "soft spots;" occur in newborns when certain bones are not completely formed and instead are
joined by these membranous regions
Allow the bones of the skull to compress during childbirth and expand to accommodate a rapidly
growing infant brain
Begin to close around 2 months but may last up to 2 years
Frontal Bone
On the top of the cranium; forms the forehead; contains the frontal sinuses 

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