BIOL 203 ASSESSMENT QNS & ANS ( LIBERTY UNI) 2026/2027 (6pages)

1. What are the functions of the skeletal system - Support - Protection - Mineral storage – Movement 2. Describe cells associated with bone - Osteoblasts: a bone forming cell; manufactures and secretes the organic component(osteoid) of bone matrix. - Osteocytes: mature bone cell; cells that do not add to the bone matrix but are able to maintain what’s already there. - Osteoclasts: bone digesting(resorbing) cell; manufactures and secretes collaginases and proteases to degrade osteoid and acid phosphatases and acids 3. What are the basic stages of both endochondral and intramembranous - Endocondral Ossification:  Step 1: Cartilage model formation  Step 2: Formation of bone collar and loss of cartilage matrix  Step 3: Periosteal bud begins ossification inside the developing bone  Step 4: Formation of spongy bone and medullary cavity - Intramenbranous Ossification:  Step 1: Membrane model formation  Step 2: Bone matrix formation  Step 3: Periosteum develops  Step 4: Compact bone formation 4. State types of bone fractures o Transverse o Linear o Oblique nondisplaced o Oblique displaced o Spiral o Greenstick o Comminuted 5. Describe Rickets caused by lack of calcium or vitamin D in children — Characterized by softness of bones leading to pain and bending of the bones — Calcium and Vitamin D supplementation prevents rickets — Osteomalacia: bone softening associated with lack of calcium or vitamin D in adult 6. Describe the different ways in which joints can be classified, and the sub-categories of each - Structural Classes: based on the type of intervening tissue (holding the bones together) o Fibrous (joints)  Examples: suture, syndesmosis, and gomphosis  Suture:  Short fibers hold the bones together  Fontanels in infants  These joints ossify (form a synostosis) in adults  Immoveable joint