BIOL 214 Anatomy and Physiology I COMPLETED EXAM 2026 (15pages)

What is the name of the structure that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx and equalizes the pressure in the ear? Explain its function and clinical significance. - The structure is called the eustachian tube or the auditory tube. It allows air to enter or leave the middle ear cavity, depending on the difference between the atmospheric pressure and the pressure in the ear. This helps to prevent damage to the tympanic membrane or the ossicles. The eustachian tube also drains mucus and secretions from the middle ear to the nasopharynx, preventing infections. However, if the eustachian tube is blocked or inflamed, it can cause otitis media, which is a common ear infection in children. . What are the three types of muscle tissue in the human body? Describe their location, structure, function, and innervation. - The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and is responsible for voluntary movements. It has a striated appearance due to the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments in sarcomeres. It is innervated by somatic motor neurons that release acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junctions. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and is responsible for pumping blood. It also has a striated appearance, but it has intercalated discs that connect adjacent cells and allow electrical impulses to spread quickly. It is innervated by autonomic neurons that modulate its rate and force of contraction. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs and vessels and is responsible for involuntary movements such as peristalsis, vasoconstriction, and dilation. It has a smooth appearance because it lacks sarcomeres and has a diffuse arrangement of actin and myosin filaments. It is innervated by autonomic neurons that release either acetylcholine or norepinephrine, depending on the organ. What are the four types of bones in the human skeleton? Give an example of each type and explain how they differ in shape, size, and function. - The four types of bones are long, short, flat, and irregular bones. Long bones are longer than they are wide and have a shaft and two ends. They are mainly involved in supporting weight and facilitating movement. An example of a long bone is the femur. Short bones are roughly cube-shaped and have a thin layer of compact bone surrounding a spongy core. They are mainly involved in providing stability and allowing some motion. An example of a short bone is the carpal bone. Flat bones are thin and flat and have two layers of compact bone with spongy bone in between. They are mainly involved in protecting vital organs and providing attachment sites for muscles. An example of a flat bone is the sternum. Irregular bones have complex shapes that do not fit into any of the other categories. They have varying amounts of compact and spongy bone and have various functions depending on their location. An example of an irregular bone is the vertebra.