Biology 116 Mini Exam 1

Biology 116 Mini Exam 1
Atoms
the basic units of matter; made of protons (+), neutrons (0), and electrons (-)
Isotopes
same atoms but different number of neutrons and therefore have a different mass
Elements
substance made up of one type of atom
95% of Elements Making Up Living Matter
carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N)
0.5% of Elements Making Up Living Matter
phosphorous (P) and sulfur (S)
Molecules
bonding of different elements; results in different properties than those of the individual
elements
Covalent Bonds
strongest bond type; formed by the sharing of electrons; does not dissolve in water;
polar and non-polar; energy needed to break (ex. water)
Ionic Bonds
formed by the gain or loss of electrons; form ions: cation (+) and anion (-); dissolves in
water; used in DNA; charged atoms are attracted to each other (ex. salt)
Hydrogen Bonds
weak, but strong in numbers
Water (H20)
universal solvent due to its polar nature; hydrogen bonds form between water
molecules; anything polar will dissolve in water
Hydrophilic
water loving; true of polar molecules
Hydrophobic
water fearing; true of non-polar molecules
Amphipathic
part of the molecule is hydrophilic and part is hydrophobic (ex. proteins)
Cohesion
water molecules attaching to one another
Adhesion
water molecules attaching to other molecules
Water Properties
all caused by hydrogen bonds:
-surface tension
-cohesion and adhesion
-support
-dehydration and hydrolysis
Dehydration
removing H2O to create larger polymers
Hydrolysis

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