BYU PDBIO 305 - HANSEN EXAM 1

BYU PDBIO 305 - HANSEN EXAM 1

Students also studied Science Biology Physiology Save

BIOCHEM LECTURE 13

71 terms vivianemw18Preview Muscular Sys 3.2- Skeletal muscle or...28 terms cmohamed14Preview Muscle Physiology Part 2 59 terms ljacob18Preview Gas Tra 29 terms nao Describe the concept of homeostasis and how it relates to the regulation of physiological processes our external environment is always changing but in order to survive we must keep our internal environment the same. Homeostasis is the maintaining of relatively constant conditions of the internal environment. Our body adjusts based on the changing environment Explain how negative feedback works its effect on homeostasis negative feedback is what happens when our sensor recognizes a change it notifies the control center (often the hypothalamus) which then makes a change in the body to COUNTERACT the change in conditions.Describe examples of negative feedback in the human body

ex: the weather is hot. your skin sensors recognize your body temperature is

increasing and notifies your hypothalamus which then tells your sweat glands (effector) to start sweating to decrease body temperature Describe the parts of a negative feedback system (sensor, control center, effector)

sensor: picks up changes in environment

control center: receives information from the sensor and directs changes

accordingly based on the set point

effector: makes a response to produce a desired effect

Explain how positive feedback works and its effect on homeostasis positive feedback is when your sensor picks up a change in the environment and then lets the control center know which then amplifies the initial change Describe examples of positive feedback in the human body ex: when a woman goes into labor her bodies picks up on the contractions and the hypothalamus then amplifies the contractions and makes them close together in order to help push the child out.Describe feed-forward control and give examples feed forward is a response that comes in anticipation to a change. For example when your mouth waters before you eat lunch because your body is expecting to be fed.ICF/ECF Osmolarity300 mOsm/L what is a biomolecule?molecules synthesized by living things what do all biomolecules contain?CARBON what are the 4 basic types of biomolecules?carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and proteins, nucleotides what are carbohydrates composed of? carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

What is the major source of energy for the body?carbs what is the general formula for carbs? (CH2O)n what are the three types of carbs monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides what makes carbs polar?the hydroxyl group how are disaccharides bonded?covalent bonds what are polysaccharides used for? storage of carbs what is glycogen?storage form of glucose in animals what prevents cells from swelling due to osmotic forces?glycogen what is starch?storage form of glucose in plants what is cellulose?plant cell walls; dietary fiber what elements are lipids primarily composed of?hydrogen and carbon atoms what type of bonds do lipids have?covalent what are the 5 classes of lipids?triglycerides, ketones, phospholipids, eicosanoids, steroids what makes a triglyceride?3 fatty acids + a glycerol what is a glycerol?a 3 carbon alcohol when are ketones produced?during fasting, low carb diets, or low blood insulin level (type 1 diabetes) how are ketones produced

• hydrolysis of triglyceride in fat tissue
• free fatty acid released into blood
• fatty acid converted to ketones by the liver (acetoacetic acid, acetone)

what is ketoacidosis?diabetes, it is when their are too many ketones in the blood and can lead to death.what is a noticeable ketoacidosis symptom?acetone breath (said to smell fruity but more like nail polish remover) how do phospholipids react to water?react to create a surfactant and create a bilayer where the phobic tails point inward and the philic head point out. to keep water out of the cell what is an eicosanoid and what is its function? What are examples?A fatty acid made by COX or LOX enzymes used for intracellular communication.Prostaglandins, thromboxane, luekotrienes. Blocked production by NSAIDS.what are eicosanoids derived from?arachidonic acid what is a steroid?a 4 ring lipid structure what are biological steroids derived from? cholesterol

what are some examples of steroids?DHEA, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, aldosterone, vitamin D3, cortisol (all adrenal cortex steroids) What bond connect amino acids?peptide bonds what is a peptide bond?carboxyl group of 1 amino acid and the amino group of another amino group How many amino acids constitute a peptide vs protein?generally 2-50 amino acids is a peptide and proteins are more than 50.what kind of reaction is a formation of a peptide bond with 2 amino acids?a condensation reaction what is the primary structure of the protein?the order of the amino acids what is the secondary structure of the protein?Hydrogen bonding between the amino hydrogen of one amino acid and the carboxyl oxygen of another amino acid (makes helixes and B pleated sheets) what is the tertiary structure of the protein?Formation of bends and loops in a polypeptide chain due to interactions between R groups what interactions cause tertiary structures?ionic bonds van der waals forces hydrogen bonds covalent bond (disulfide bridge) what will the happen with the disruption of bonds in tertiary structure

DENATURATION

what is the quaternary protein structure?Formation of proteins with more than one polypeptide chain (e.g., hemoglobin) same forces as tertiary structures what is the function of fibrous proteins?contraction and structure (collagen) what is the function of globular proteins intracellular chemical messengers receptors carrier proteins enzymes transport proteins (insulin) what are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?

• 5 carbon sugar
• phosphate
• base

is deoxyribose a carb or sugar?CARB what is typically largest single organized cell component?the nucleus how is the nucleus enclosed?a double layered nuclear envelope what is the function of rough ER functions in the synthesis of proteins to be packaged into vesicles to be exported, incorporated into the plasma membrane, and sent for their destined organelles what is the function of smooth ER functions in lipid synthesis including triglycerides and steroids stores calcium specialized in some cells what is the function of ribosomessite of protein synthesis as directed by mRNA where are ribosomes found?rough ER nucleus free in cytosol what is the function of the golgi apparatus?post- translational processing of proteins packaging of proteins into vesicles and directing them to the target what is the function of lysosomes?contain enzymes that degrade cellular or extracellular debris what is endocytosisthe taking in of material into a cell membrane phagocytosisthe ingestion of material by phagocytes what determines cell function?Differing proteins Protein content determines cell function what is a gene?A stretch of DNA that codes for the synthesis of a given polypeptide or protein what are the three parts of translation initiation, elongation, and termination what is the function of the leader sequence?to determine where the newly translated protein will go. SRP signal recognition proteins find the correct leader sequences.where are membrane proteins and secreted proteins synthesizes?

ER where are metabolism enzymes sent? mitochondria or peroxisomes where are DNA binding proteins sent? the nucleus what are the post translational events leader sequence binds so folding and modifications can occur then the proteins are transported off of ER to move to the golgi to be further packaged what is metabolism?all the chemical reactions that occur in your body (NOT BMR! basal metabolic rate...what is catabolism?the breakdown of one molecule to smaller molecules (yields energy) what is anabolism?the formation of large molecules from smaller molecules (requires energy) what is the basal metabolic rate?the energy required to run your metabolism at rest what are the two ways ATP can be synthesized?substrate level phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation which form of ATP synthesis requires the electron transport chain and oxygen oxidative phosphorylation what is ATP hydrolysisthe removal of a phosphate group from ATP to produce ADP and energy in Substrate-level Phosphorylation where does 40% of the energy go?lost as heat