C785 Final Exam-with 100% Verified Answers 2026/2027 (22pages)

What is the basic structure of an amino acid? What do they look like? - amino group (NH2 or NH3), carboxyl group (COO or COOH), alpha carbon (C), and variable group How do you identify the 3 different types of side chains: non-polar/hydrophobic, polar, and charged? - Non-polar/hydrophobic - end with CH or "can't have" water. Polar - end with OH, SH, or NH. Charged - end with a charge what kinds of bonds do each of the 3 different types of side chains make? - ionic, hydrophobic/non-polar, charged What are the 4 levels of protein structure? - Primary - linear structure, Secondary - Folded into helix or pleated sheet caused by hydrogen bonding, tertiary - 3D structure caused by side chain interactions, quaternary - 1+ amino acid chains combine = multiple subunits MUST have 1+ subunit What enviormental change breaks each type of bond? - hydrophobic - temperature change, ionic - salt or decreased pH, hydrogen - temperature, change in pH, disulfide - reducing agents what type of amino acid side chain leads to protein aggregration? - hydrophobic bonds how do environmental changes affect protein folding? - Extreme temp can cause hydrogen bonds to break apart = malformation of protein folding how do mutations affect protein structure? - Can cause structure to change. Protein loses form = loses function. May form a different protein. What is an electron? - Negatively charged atom on outer ring for bonding What is energy: - Power derived fro chemical interaction what are covalent bonds? - chemical bond, atoms share 1+ valence electrons what is an ionic bond? - bond between positive and negative what is a hydrogen bond? - weak bond between positive and negative with an amino? - piece of amino acid, NH2 or NH3 what is a carboyxl? - piece of amino acid, COO or COOH What is hydrophobic? - Doesn't like water, end with CH what is hydrophilic? - Water Lovering, end with OH, NH, or SH what is disulfide bond? - strongest bond between reduction agents, formed between SH's. what are zwitterions? - amino with positive and negative charges = overall charge of zero what is a polypeptide - polymer of amino acids What is dehydration synthesis? - Process of forming peptide bonds what is hydrolysis? - adding water to destroy bonds what is an alpha helix? - twisted secondary structure, formed by hydrogen bonds what is a beta sheet? - folded second structure shape, formed by hydrogen bonds