Canadian Tax Principles, Vol 2 (Byrd/Chen) (Answers at the end of each chapter)

Canadian Tax Principles, Vol 2 (Byrd/Chen) (Answers at the end of each chapter)
Chapter 11
11.1 Online Exercises
1) ITA 110.2 provides for a deduction of "lump-sum payments", for example a court ordered termination
benefit. What tax policy objective is served by this provision?
Answer: Such lump-sum payments often reflect compensation for services rendered over several years.
The fact that it is received in a single year can result in significant portions of it being subject to income tax
rates higher than would have been the case had it been received over the several years during which it was
earned. The deduction of such amounts provides the basis for an alternative income tax payable
calculation which attempts to adjust the amount paid to the amount that would have been paid if the
amount had actually been received over several years. The objective of such provisions is fairness or
equity.
Type: ES
Topic: Lump-sum payments - ITA 110.2
2) The carryover periods for losses varies with the type of loss. Briefly describe the carryover periods that
the ITA provides for the types of losses that it identifies.
Answer: The carryover periods for the various types of losses identified in the Income Tax Act and
covered in the text up to Chapter 11 are as follows:
• Non-Capital Losses and Farm Losses (including restricted farm losses): 20 years forward and 3 years
back.
• Net Capital Loss: Unlimited forward and 3 years back
• Listed Personal Property Losses: 7 years forward and 3 years back.
• Allowable Business Investment Losses: 10 years, as a non-capital loss then converted to net capital loss
with unlimited carry forward in year 11.
• Foreign Tax Credits: 10 years forward and 3 years back.
Covered in Chapter 18 are limited partnership losses. They have no carry back and an unlimited carry
forward, but only against the partnership income to which they relate.
Type: ES
Topic: Loss carry overs - general concepts
3) When a business has several types of loss carry overs, why is it necessary to keep separate balances for
each type?
Answer: There are two reasons for having to track each type of loss carry forward separately. First,
different types of losses have different carryover periods (e.g., 20 years for farm losses vs. unlimited for
capital losses). Second, some types of losses can only be applied against the equivalent type of income
(e.g., capital losses can only be carried over and applied against capital gains).
Type: ES
Topic: Loss carry overs - general concepts
4) Tax advisors will normally recommend that loss carry overs not be used to reduce taxable income to nil
for an individual. What is the basis for this recommendation?
Answer: This recommendation reflects the fact that most personal tax credits are non-refundable and
cannot be carried over to other years. This means that, unless an individual taxpayer has taxable income
and federal income tax payable, the value of these credits is simply lost. This, in effect, is what would
happen if various types of loss carry overs were used to reduce taxable income to nil.
Type: ES
Topic: Loss carry overs - individual
5) Briefly describe the income tax treatment of losses on listed personal property.
Answer: Losses on listed personal property can be deducted during the current year, but only against net
gains on listed personal property for the year. If the loss cannot be used during the current year, it can be
carried back three years or forward seven years.
Type: ES
Topic: Losses - listed personal property
6) If a taxpayer has both net capital and non-capital losses and does not have sufficient income in the
current and previous years to claim these amounts, which type of loss should be deducted first?
Answer: There is no clear cut answer to this question. Net capital losses have an unlimited life but can
only be carried over to the extent of net taxable capital gains in the carry over period.
This would suggest that, if net taxable capital gains are present in the current year, the use of net capital
losses should receive priority. This would be particularly true if additional net taxable capital gains are
not expected in future years. In contrast, non-capital losses can be deducted against any type of income.
However, the downside here is that their carry forward period is limited to 20 years. While no firm
conclusion is available, in most cases the lengthy carry forward period for non-capital losses, would
suggest using net capital losses first. However, this tentative conclusion would be altered if the taxpayer
commonly has net taxable capital gains.
Type: ES
Topic: Loss carry overs - general concepts
7) John Broley has a 2021 $50,000 non-capital loss and a $50,000 2021 net capital loss. In 2026 his only
income is a $50,000 taxable capital gain.
He has asked your advice as to which of the two loss carry forwards he should claim. What advice would
you give him?
Answer: The difference between the two loss carry forwards is that the non-capital loss balance is time
limited and will expire at the end of 20 years. In contrast, the net capital loss will never expire but can only
be applied against net taxable capital gains. If Mr. Broley is concerned about having sufficient income to
use the non-capital loss in the time remaining until it expires, he should claim that loss.
Alternatively, if he feels that he is likely to have sufficient income in that period, but that he is unlikely to
have further capital gains, he should claim the net capital loss. There is no clear answer to this question as it
involves estimates about the future.

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