Cardiac Output and Regulation exam study with answers 2026/2027

Cardiac Output and Regulation exam study with answers 2026
1.Cardiac Output (CO): The amount of blood pumped by the heart per
minute, calculated as the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume
(SV)
2.Heart Rate: The number of heartbeats per minute, controlled by the
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
3.Sympathetic Branch: Part of the autonomic nervous system that increases
heart rate through ²1-adrenergic receptors in the sinoatrial (SA) node
4.Parasympathetic Branch: Part of the autonomic nervous system that
decreases heart rate through muscarinic receptors in the SA node, with
impulses reaching the heart through the vagus nerve
5.Stroke Volume: The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle of the
heart in one contraction, largely determined by myocardial contractility,
cardiac afterload, and cardiac preload
6.Preload: degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle fibers at the end of
diastoles (filling of the ventricles)
7.Afterload: the load a muscle must overcome in order to contract
8.Cardiac after load is determined primary by: degree of peripheral resistance
9.starling law: the greater the volume of blood inside the heart during
diastole, the stronger the heart contraction force during the systole.
10.systemic filling pressure: force that returns blood to the heart