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1. A researcher wants to study how children's
understanding of numbers changes over time. She gives a
group of 4-year-olds and a group of 6-year-olds a task
where they have to estimate how many candies are in a jar.
She finds that the 6-year-olds are more accurate than the 4-
year-olds. What cognitive development theory can best
explain this finding?
a) Piaget's theory of cognitive stages
b) Vygotsky's theory of sociocultural learning
c) Information processing theory
d) Core knowledge theory*
Rationale: Core knowledge theory proposes that children
have innate and domain-specific knowledge of certain
concepts, such as numbers, that can be refined and
expanded through experience. The 6-year-olds have more
experience with numbers than the 4-year-olds, so they can
use their core knowledge more effectively.
2. A teacher wants to help her students develop
metacognition, or the ability to monitor and regulate their
own thinking. Which of the following strategies would be
most effective for this goal?
a) Giving the students frequent feedback on their
performance
b) Encouraging the students to reflect on their learning
processes and outcomes*
c) Providing the students with clear and specific learning
objectives
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