ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE CHAPTERS 6 7 EXAM

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-Guarantee passing score -95 Questions and Answers -format set of multiple-choice -Expert-Verified Explanation Question 1: -Climate: Warm, moist climates accelerate most weathering processes.

-Organisms: Plants and decomposers add organic material.

-Topography: Hills and valleys affect exposure to sun, wind, and water, and influence soil movement.

-Parent material: Its composition influences soil formation.

-Time: Soil formation can take centuries, decades, or millennia.

Answer:

?The movement and sorting of soil particles creates distinct layers called soil horizons .-The entire cross-section of soil is the soil profile .

Question 2: The trees can also provide habitats and fruit

Answer:

Conservation tillage reduces the amount of plowing, since it leaves soil surfaces bare and exposed to wind.

Question 3: Global decreases in

infant mortality rates , the frequency of children dying in infancy, have played a large role in population growth.-Historically, families would have many children as "insurance" against the likelihood of one or more of them dying in infancy due to poor nutrition, disease, and exposure.

Answer:

Infant mortality rates are closely tied to a nation's level of industrialization.

Question 4: The most obvious alternative to chemical pesticides is

biological control or biocontrol , where natural predators or parasites are introduced to eliminate the pest.

Answer:

Parasitoid wasps, for example, are natural enemies of many caterpillars Question 5: -Irrigation is necessary with water-intensive crops (like rice) and in areas with dry climates.-Irrigation is the largest use of water by humans, making up 70% of all fresh water withdrawn.

Answer:

Waterlogging occurs when irrigation oversaturates the soil to the point where water drowns plant roots, depriving them of gases.

Question 6: The

Conservation Reserve Program , first established in the 1985 Farm Bill, pays farmers to convert damaged cropland to conservation reserves.

Answer:

A pest is any organism that damages crops or livestock

Question 7: Thousands of farmers in this area were forced off their land

Answer:

In response, the U.S. government passed the Soil Conservation Act of 1935, which established an agency that worked with farmers to combat erosion

Question 8: About 10,000 years ago, as the climate warmed, many human cultures shifted from hunter-gatherers to permanent settlements with farming.

Answer:

traditional agriculture , the work of cultivating, harvesting, and distributing crops was performed by human and animal muscle power.

Question 9: Drylands are prone to

desertification , a land degradation where more than 10% of productivity is lost.

• Wind and water erosion are the biggest causes.

Answer:

If livestock populations do not exceed the carrying capacity, rangelands can still be functional ecosystems.-Without adequate regeneration of plant biomass, the result is overgrazing .

Question 10: The population growth stabilizes or begins to shrink during the

post-industrial stage .

Answer:

The United States is in this stage, although it has higher birth rates due to an increased immigration rate

Question 11: Plots are often burned first, a practice called

slash-and-burn agriculture.

Answer:

The artificial provision of water beyond what is received by precipitation is irrigation .Question 12: The amount of biologically productive land available to us is called biocapacity.

Answer:

If humanity's ecological footprint exceeds biocapacity, it is termed overshoot , which leads to an ecological deficit .

-If the footprint is less than biocapacity, there is an ecological reserve .

Question 13: Sustainable agriculture

maintains healthy soil, clean water, pollinators, and other vital resources.-The overall approach is to mimic the way natural ecosystems function.- Low-input agriculture is an approach that uses less amounts of fossil fuels, water, pesticides, fertilizers, growth hormones, and antibiotics than are used in industrial agriculture.

Answer:

Achieving sustainable agriculture requires an understanding of the soil, water, nutrients, and pollinators that underpin agriculture.

Question 14: -Global doubling time is 70 / 1.2%, or 58 years.

-China's doubling time prior to the one-child policy was 70 / 2.8%, or about 25 years. It is now about 140 years.

Answer:

Our population growth is largely due to technological, agricultural, and sanitation advances that reduced death rates. Can this growth continue?Question 15: Case Study: Will China's New "Two-Child Policy" Defuse Their Population "Time Bomb"?

Answer:

?The population "time bomb" of an aging population with skewed male-to-female ratios has led to a change in Chinese policies.-In 2013, if either member of a married couple was an only child, then the couple was granted permission to have two children.-In 2015, the one-child policy was immediately altered to a two-child policy.?It is unclear how many Chinese couples, who are now used to greater wealth and an urban lifestyle, will decide to grow their families.

Question 16: -Most farmers planted

polycultures , mixtures of different crops in small plots of land.

Answer:

Industrial agriculture introduced large-scale mechanization and fossil fuel consumption into agriculture