FREE PHYSIOLOGY AND STUDY GAMES ABOUT

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FREE PHYSIOLOGY AND STUDY GAMES ABOUT

BIO.590-11.EFFERENT EXAM QUESTIONS

Actual Qs and Ans Expert-Verified Explanation

This Exam contains:

-Guarantee passing score -80 Questions and Answers -format set of multiple-choice -Expert-Verified Explanation Question 1: Postganglionic autonomic neurotransmitters: varicosity membrane transporters for

Answer:

Sympathetic: norepinephrine; parasympathetic: choline Question 2: The autonomic nervous system works closely with the _____ system and _____ system to maintain homeostasis in the body

Answer:

Endocrine; behavioral state

Question 3: Agonists and antagonists for nicotinic receptors

Answer:

Agonist: nicotine; antagonists: curare, etc.Question 4: What is the pathway that describes how sensory input (which will eventually result in autonomic response) leads to their control centers?

Answer:

Sensory input from hypothalamic receptors (e.g. osmolarity, temperature) and input from somatic/visceral receptors are sent to both the (1) pons, medulla, hypothalamus and (2) limbic system, cerebral cortex

Question 5: What is occurring on the postsynaptic side of the NMJ?

Answer:

The muscle cell membrane opposite the axon terminal is modified into a motor end plate. The synaptic cleft is filled with a fibrous matrix whose collagen fibers hold the axon and motor end plate in proper alignment.

Question 6: How does divergence occur in autonomic pathways

Answer:

On average, one preganglionic neuron entering a ganglion synapses with eight or nine postganglionic neurons. Each postganglionic neuron may then innervate a different target. Thus, one preganglionic neuron can affect many cells Question 7: An example of an autonomic division of the body totally integrated by autonomic ganglia

Answer:

Enteric nervous system

Question 8: Exceptions to the dual antagonistic innervation

Answer:

Sweat glands and smooth muscle in blood vessels. These tissues are innervated by the sympathetic branch only and rely strictly on tonic (up-down) control Question 9: Neurotransmitters and receptors used for sympathetic and parasympathetic

pathways: postganglionic neurons

Answer:

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons: secrete norepinephrine (NE) onto adrenergic receptors on the target cell. Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons: secrete acetylcholine onto muscarinic cholinergic receptors on the target cell Question 10: All autonomic pathways (sympathetic and parasympathetic) consist of two

neurons in series (and where do they originate?):

Answer:

The preganglionic neuron (originating in the CNS) and projects to an autonomic ganglion outside the CNS where it synapses with the second neuron in the pathway, the postganglionic neuron (originating outside the CNS)

Question 11: The acetylcholinesterase analog for the breakdown of norepinephrine. Also: where does it occur?

Answer:

Monoamine oxidase (MAO). After NE is taken up by the varicosity it enters the mitochondria where it is broken down by MAO (or it is repackaged into vesicles and reused)

Question 12: Agonists and antagonists for alpha (adrenergic) receptors

Answer:

Agonist: phenylephrine; antagonists: "alpha-blockers"

Question 13: Adrenal cortex

Answer:

The outer portion of the adrenal gland; it is a true endocrine gland of epidermal origin that secretes steroid hormones Question 14: In the autonomic division, neurotransmitter synthesis takes place where and by

what? Review: what are the primary autonomic neurotransmitters?

Answer:

In the axon varicosities by cytoplasmic enzymes. Primary autonomic neurotransmitters: acetylcholine and norepinephrine

Question 15: Agonists and antagonists for beta (adrenergic) receptors

Answer:

Agonist: isoproterenol; antagonists: "beta-blockers": propranolol (beta-1 and beta-2), metoprolol (beta-1 only) Question 16: Postganglionic autonomic neurotransmitters: synthesized from

Answer:

Sympathetic: norepinephrine is synthesized from tyrosine; parasympathetic: acetylcholine is synthesized from Acetyl CoA + choline Question 17: How do the two autonomic branches (sympathetic and parasympathetic) differ anatomically?

Answer:

(1) pathways' point of origin in the CNS, and (2) the location of the autonomic ganglia

Question 18: Enzyme located in the synaptic cleft of the NMJ

Answer:

AChE - to degrade ACh into acetyl and choline

Question 19: Second messenger pathways activated upon catecholamine binding to

alpha-1-receptors

Answer:

Phospholipase C is activated, creating inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). DAG initiates a cascade that phosphorylates proteins. IP3 opens Ca^2+ channels. Ultimately muscle contraction OR exocytosis occurs Question 20: Recap: types of adrenergic receptors

Answer:

Alpha and beta

Question 21: Urinary incontinence

Answer:

Loss of bladder control

Question 22: How do antidepressants affect neurotransmitters?

Answer:

Tricyclic antidepressants and SSRIs act on membrane transporters for neurotransmitters; MAO inhibitors act on metabolism Question 23: The efferent division of the PNS can be subdivided into:

Answer:

(1) Somatic motor neurons which control skeletal muscle, and (2) autonomic neurons which control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, many glands, and some adipose tissue

Question 24: Alpha receptors

Answer:

The most common sympathetic receptor. It responds strongly to norepinephrine and only weakly to epinephrine