FREE PSYCHOLOGY AND STUDY GAMES ABOUT

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FREE PSYCHOLOGY AND STUDY GAMES ABOUT

COGPSYCH 9 EXAM QUESTIONS

Actual Qs and Ans Expert-Verified Explanation

This Exam contains:

-Guarantee passing score -50 Questions and Answers -format set of multiple-choice -Expert-Verified Explanation

Question 1: What is connectionism?

Answer:

An approach to creating computer models for representing cognitive processes.Question 2: What were the findings of Rosch et al's (1976) study on hierarchical organization?

Answer:

• People tended to pick basic level names when asked to name objects
• Subjects responded faster when a picture of a car was preceded by the word "car" (basic level) than

when preced by the word "vehicle" (global level).

Question 3: What does activation of units in a connectionist network depend on?

Answer:

• The signal that originates in the input units
• The connection weights throughout the network.

Question 4: What is the problem with the definitional approach to categorization?

Answer:

Not all the members of everyday categories have the same features.

Question 5: What are the advantages of the exemplar approach?

Answer:

• It can deal easier with outlier cases by reclassifying them as exemplars.
• It can also deal more easily with variable categories like games, by requiring that we only remember

some of these varying examples.

Question 6: How is the prototype defined, according to Rosch (1973)?

Answer:

It is based on an average of members of a category that are commonly experienced.

Question 7: What are the benefits of categorization?

Answer:

• Reduces complexity of environment - can focus energy instead on what's special
• Identification - understand otherwise "strange" behaviours
• Reduces need for constant learning
• Allows decision for appropiate actions.

Question 8: What is a prototype, and what is the prototype approach to categorization?

Answer:

A prototype is a "typical" member of a category. Membership in a category is determined by comparing the object to a prototype that represents the category.

Question 9: What are the effects of prototypicality?

Answer:

Highly-prototypical items are named first when listing examples of a category, and they are more affected by a priming stimulus than nonprototypical members.Question 10: How did Rosch (1976) interpret her study on hierarchical organization?

Answer:

The basic level is psychologically special because going above it results in a large loss of information and going below it results in little gain of information.

Question 11: What is cognitive economy?

Answer:

Shared properties are stored just once at a higher-level node.

Question 12: How does priming affect prototypical colours better according to Rosch (1975)?

Answer:

When subjects hear the word green, they imagine a prototypical green. The prime facilitates the subject's response to the stimulus if it contains some of the information needed to respond to the stimulus.

Question 13: How is learning achieved in a connectionist network?

Answer:

Erroneous responses in the property unit (feedback) cause an error signal to be sent back through network through back propagation. Reaching the hidden & representation units-info about weight adjustment so that the correct property units are activated.Question 14: Describe Smith et al. ( 1974)'s study using the sentence verification technique.

Answer:

They used the technique to determine how rapidly peoplecould answer questions about an object's category-- statements; answer yes if true and no if not. Subjects responded faster for objects high in prototypicality.Question 15: How does the connectionist approach explain generalization of learning?

Answer:

Training a system to recognize the properties of one concept also provides information about other, related concepts.

Question 16: Describe the semantic network approach.

Answer:

It proposes that concepts are arranged in networks. A network consists of nodes (concepts) that are connected by links (relations between the nodes). In addition, a number of properties are indicated for each concept.Question 17: Describe Rosch (1975b)'s study that showed that prototypical members primed better.

Answer:

Subjects heard the prime, a colour. They then saw a pair of colors (good, poor-faded or different) and indicated whether they were the same or not. Found tha priming resulted in faster "same" judgments for the good prototypical colours (610 ms to 780 ms).

Question 18: What did Meyer & Schvaneveldt (1971) find in their paired-word variant of the lexical decision task?

Answer:

They found that reaction time was faster when the two words were associated. Retieving one word from memory triggered a spread of activation to other nearby locations, and more activation would spread to words that were related.

Question 19: How does expertise affect categorization?

Answer:

The level that is "special" (focused on) is not the same for everyone. People with more expertise and familiarity with a particular category tend to focus on more specific information that Rosch associated with a specific level.Question 20: Describe how Collins & Quillian (1969) test their semantic network approach.

Answer:

They measured the reaction time to a number of different statements. They found that statements that required further travel from "canary" resulted in longer reaction times.

Question 21: What is high and low typicality, according to Rosch (1973)?

Answer:

High typicality means that a category member closely resembles the category prototype, while low typicality means that it does not.

Question 22: How does Rosch distinguish the levels of categories?

Answer:

The superordinate/global (furniture), the basic level (table), and the subordinate/specific level (kitchen table).

Question 23: How is a connectionist network trained?

Answer:

It involves adjusting the network's connection weights.

Question 24: How does the semantic network approach deal with outliers?

Answer:

Exceptions are made at lower nodes, such as properties.