FREE PSYCHOLOGY AND STUDY GAMES ABOUT PSYCH

PDF Download

FREE PSYCHOLOGY AND STUDY GAMES ABOUT PSYCH

FOR AP - CH 6 EXAM QUESTIONS

Actual Qs and Ans Expert-Verified Explanation

This Exam contains:

-Guarantee passing score -44 Questions and Answers -format set of multiple-choice -Expert-Verified Explanation

Question 1: shaping

Answer:

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. (p. 229)

Question 2: discriminative stimulus

Answer:

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement). (p. 230)

Question 3: operant behavior

Answer:

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences. (p. 228)

Question 4: spontaneous recovery

Answer:

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. (p. 221)

Question 5: operant chamber

Answer:

in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. (p. 229)

Question 6: conditioned reinforcer

Answer:

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer. (p. 231)

Question 7: discrimination

Answer:

(1) in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. (2) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members. (pp. 222, 664)

Question 8: higher-order conditioning

Answer:

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. (Also called second-order conditioning.) (p. 220)

Question 9: associative learning

Answer:

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). (p. 216)

Question 10: behaviorism

Answer:

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). (pp. 6, 218)

Question 11: acquisition

Answer:

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. (p. 220)

Question 12: primary reinforcer

Answer:

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. (p. 231)

Question 13: operant conditioning

Answer:

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. (p. 228)

Question 14: insight

Answer:

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions. (pp. 236, 300)

Question 15: variable-ratio schedule

Answer:

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. (p. 233)

Question 16: respondent behavior

Answer:

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. (p. 228)

Question 17: continuous reinforcement

Answer:

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. (p. 232)

Question 18: law of effect

Answer:

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. (p. 229)

Question 19: partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Answer:

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. (p. 232)

Question 20: habituation

Answer:

an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it. (p. 216)

Question 21: observational learning

Answer:

learning by observing others. Also called social learning. (p. 242)

Question 22: learning

Answer:

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. (p. 215)

Question 23: positive reinforcement

Answer:

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. (p. 231)

Question 24: reinforcer

Answer:

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. (p. 230)

Question 25: intrinsic motivation

Answer:

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake. (p. 237)

Question 26: variable-interval schedule

Answer:

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals. (p. 233)

Question 27: latent learning

Answer:

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. (p. 236)