Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for World Prehistory and Archaeology: Pathways through Time BY Michael Chazan

Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for World Prehistory and Archaeology: Pathways through Time BY Michael Chazan

Chapter 1—Getting Started in Archaeology
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Reading the Landscape
Survey Design
Geological Factors
Recovery Methods and GIS
Excavation
Horizontal Excavation
Vertical Excavation
Controlling Horizontal and Vertical Space
Recovery Methods
Recording Methods
Artifacts and Ecofacts
From the Field: The Author on his Fieldwork at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa
Biases in Preservation
Quantification and Sampling
Counting Bones
Counting Artifacts
Toolbox: Ethnoarchaeology
Creating a Chronology
Comparison
Toolbox: Radiocarbon Dating
Conservation and Display
Archaeology in the World: Community Archaeology
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• Understand the goals of archaeological surveys.
• Know the methods of horizontal and vertical excavation.
• Understand the use of quantification in artifact and ecofact analysis.
• Discuss the ways comparison and analogy are used in archaeology.
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KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS
Absolute Chronology: a chronology stated in terms of calendar years.
Anthropogenic Deposits: deposits that result from human activity. Human activities
range from building fires on ephemeral hunter-gatherer campsites to erecting the palaces
and fortifications of great cities.
Artifacts: objects that show traces of human manufacture.
Attribute: a particular characteristic of an artifact.
Datum Point: the linchpin for the control of an excavation. It serves as a reference point
for all depth measurements on the site.
Depositional Unit: the material deposited at a site at a particular point in time.
Diachronic Studies: studies that make comparisons between different periods and look
at processes of change through time.
Ecofacts: objects recovered from an archaeological context that are either the remains of
biological organisms or the results of geological processes.
Flotation: the process used to recover botanical material (wood and seeds) and which
involves mixing sediments vigorously in water. In the process, charred remains of seeds
and wood float to the surface while the mineral sediments settle to the bottom. The
charred botanical material can then be skimmed off and dried for analysis.
Geographical Information Systems (GIS): Software applications that allow spatial data
to be brought together and consolidated.
Horizontal Excavation: an excavation for which the goal is to excavate a broad area in
order to expose the remains of a single point in time.
In Situ: lit. ‘in place.’ Archaeological material is considered to be in situ when it is found
in the place where it was originally deposited.
Intersite: comparison between two or more sites—for example, an analysis comparing
the number of houses between sites in a region.
Intrasite: having to do with contexts within a single site—for example, an analysis
comparing the sizes and contents of different houses to try to determine the social
structure of a society.
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Law of Superposition: In any undisturbed depositional sequence, each layer of
sediments is younger than the layer beneath it.
Postdepositional Processes: events that take place after a site has been occupied.
Provenience: The precise context in which an object is recovered in an excavation.
Quantification: methods used by archaeologists to represent the large quantities of
material recovered in excavations and surveys.
Relative Chronology: a chronology that places assemblages in a temporal sequence not
directly linked to calendar dates.
Seriation: the method of comparing the relative frequency of artifact types between
contexts.
Strata: discrete layers in a stratigraphic sequence.
Survey: an archaeological survey maps the physical remains of human activity.
Synchronic Studies: studies that make comparisons within a single period.
Taphonomy: the study of the processes that affect organic remains after death.
Typology: a list used to draw up an inventory of types of artifacts found by
archaeologists in a particular archaeological context.
Vertical Excavation: an excavation for which the goal is to excavate a significant depth
of deposits in order to expose the record of a sequence of occupation.
Wet Screening: the process of spraying water onto a sieve to break up sediments and
move them through the mesh to make sure that all artifacts are recovered during an
excavation.
CLASSROOM ACTIVITIES AND STUDENT PROJECTS
1. Student Project
Instruct students to find an archaeological site (through online or library research) that is
nearby. You can determine how far away their search radius should be. For the site that
they find, they should find enough information to tell you what type of excavation was
done at the site (i.e. horizontal or vertical) and why they think the researchers chose that
approach to data recovery.
2. Classroom Activity

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