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1. What is the definition of safety science according to the
Institute of Medicine (IOM)?
a) The study of how to prevent errors and adverse events in
health care settings
b) The study of how to design, implement, and evaluate
interventions that improve patient safety
c) The study of how to measure, monitor, and report on
patient safety outcomes and performance
d) The study of how to create a culture of safety that
supports learning and improvement
Answer: B. Safety science is the study of how to design,
implement, and evaluate interventions that improve patient
safety, according to the IOM. The other options are related
to safety science, but not its definition.
2. What are the three levels of human factors that affect
patient safety, according to Reason's Swiss cheese model?
a) Latent conditions, active failures, and defenses
b) Individual factors, team factors, and organizational
factors
c) Human error, at-risk behavior, and reckless behavior
d) Skill-based errors, rule-based errors, and knowledgebased errors
Answer: A. Reason's Swiss cheese model proposes that
patient safety is influenced by three levels of human
factors: latent conditions (systemic weaknesses or flaws),
active failures (unsafe acts by frontline workers), and
defenses (barriers or safeguards that prevent or mitigate
harm).
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