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Labor & Delivery Exam Prep (2026/2027 Update) Study Guide with Questions and Answers
Labor & Delivery Exam Prep (2026/2027
Update) Study Guide with Questions and
Answers
Q: Describe a longitudinal fetal lie.
Answer:
Head or buttocks of fetus enter pelvis first
Q: Describe a transverse fetal lie.
Answer:
Long axis of baby is at a right angle with the long axis of the mother
Q: What are the two "attitudes" of a fetus?
Answer:
Flexion
Extension
Q: Describe flexion.
Answer:
Normal; head, arms, and legs flexed tightly against the body. Smaller diameter than with
extension.
Q: Describe extension.
Answer:
Abnormal; head is extended. Larger diameter than with flexion. Increases risk of C - section.
Q: What are the different types of fetus presentation?
Answer:
Cephalic
Sacrum/Breech (Frank, Full, Footling)
Footling
Shoulder
Q: Describe cephalic presentation.
Answer:
Head enters birth canal first (most births; normal.)
Q: Describe frank breech.
Answer:
Fetus is folded in half
Q: Describe full breech.
Answer:
Reversal of normal fetal position; head, hips, and knees flexed but buttocks is presenting.
Q: Describe footling breech.
Answer:
One or both feet are presenting. Increased risk of C - Section.
Q: Describe shoulder presentation.
Answer:
C - section. Transverse lie. Rare.
Q: What different things may present in the cephalic presentation?
Answer:
Flexed
Moderate flexion
Slight extension
Full extension
Q: Describe flexed cephalic presentation.
Answer:
Vertex is presenting; most common; most favorable.
Q: Describe moderate flexion cephalic presentation.
Answer:
Military; sinciput; neutral position; occipitofrontal diameter presenting. Usually temporary.
Usually flexes or extends.
Q: Describe slight extension cephalic presentation.
Answer:
Brow; longest supraoccipitomental diameter is presenting. Bruising, swelling may occur on
baby's face.
Q: Describe full extension cephalic presentation.
Answer:
Face; submentobregmatic diameter is presenting. Bruising, swelling may occur on baby's face.
Q: What is the landmark that determines the fetus position?
Answer:
Occiput
Q: How is position indicated? What are the abbreviations?
Answer:
Indicated by abbreviations: LOA (left occiput anterior), LOP (left occiput posterior), LOT (left
occiput transverse), ROA (right occiput anterior), ROP (right occiput posterior), ROT (right
occiput transverse).
Q: How do you determine if a fetus' position is anterior, posterior, or transverse?
Answer:
Determine what quadrant the occiput is in, r/t mom's pelvis.
Q: What may occur if the fetus' position is posterior?
Answer:
Increased back pain for mom; Increased time in labor
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