LABOUR (PREGNANCY) CNM FINAL EXAM QNS & ANS 2026/2027 (7pages)

1. What are the signs of labour onset? (Answer: Regular contractions, rupture of membranes, bloody show, cervical dilation and effacement, etc.) 2. What are the stages of labour and what happens in each stage? (Answer: First stage: early, active and transition phases; cervical dilation and effacement, contractions increase in frequency and intensity; Second stage: pushing and delivery of the baby; Third stage: delivery of the placenta; Fourth stage: recovery and bonding; uterine involution, lochia, vital signs stabilization, etc.) 3. What are some non-pharmacological methods of pain relief during labour? (Answer: Breathing techniques, relaxation, massage, hydrotherapy, aromatherapy, acupuncture, hypnosis, etc.) 4. What are some pharmacological methods of pain relief during labour? (Answer: Opioids, nitrous oxide, epidural anaesthesia, spinal anaesthesia, local anaesthesia, etc.) 5. What are the advantages and disadvantages of epidural anaesthesia? (Answer: Advantages: effective pain relief, allows mother to rest and participate in labour, reduces stress hormones and blood pressure; Disadvantages: may cause hypotension, urinary retention, fever, itching, prolonged second stage, increased risk of instrumental delivery or caesarean section, etc.) 6. What are the indications and contraindications for induction of labour? (Answer: Indications: postterm pregnancy, pre-eclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, fetal distress, premature rupture of membranes, maternal medical conditions, etc.; Contraindications: placenta previa, transverse lie, cord prolapse, active herpes infection, previous uterine surgery, etc.) 7. What are the methods of induction of labour? (Answer: Mechanical methods: membrane sweeping or stripping, artificial rupture of membranes, cervical ripening balloons or catheters; Pharmacological methods: prostaglandins, oxytocin infusion; Alternative methods: acupuncture, herbal remedies, nipple stimulation, sexual intercourse, etc.) 8. What are the potential complications of induction of labour? (Answer: Hyperstimulation of the uterus, fetal distress, uterine rupture, infection, bleeding, etc.)