Mohana Nagda BMES 471- Article 1 Questions 2026/2027 (3pages)

1. If you are going to build a bone tissue construct, what ECM molecule(s) would you add to the scaffold based on the knowledge that the ECM in bone contains 90% collagen I, small amounts of collagen III and V, and 5% of noncollagenous proteins like osteocalcin, osteonectin, fibronectin, hyaluronan, mineral compounds and others? Considering that the ECM in bone contains the following percent proportion of 90% collagen I, small amounts of collagen III and V, and 5% of noncollagenous proteins like osteocalcin, osteonectin, fibronectin, hyaluronan etc, it is essential when building a bone tissue construct to match the properties of true bone to ensure a reduced chance of rejection. I would also include other ECM factors that are specific to connective tissue which governs bone tissue. 2. If you are going to build a cartilage tissue construct, what ECM molecule(s) would you add to the scaffold based on the knowledge that the cartilage ECM mainly consists of collagens and fibronectin? Similarly as described in question 1, if building a cartilage tissue construct, I would include ECM molecules that are present in cartilage ECM such as collagens and fibronectin in addition to other molecules that may be unique to cartilage tissue. 3. How many subunits do an integrin receptor have and what are them? An integrin receptor has 2 subunits, which are referred to as alpha and beta. 4. Does ECM density on a substrate play a role in cell response? According to the article, ECM coating concentrations for particularly for osteoblast or stem cell analysis are substantially different. Thus the question as to whether cell specified responses are dependent on the variable ECM concentrations or the ECM itself is still unknown. 5. Do host cells adhere to the surface of implanted materials or scaffolds directly? If not how do host cells interact with the implanted biomaterial? No, host cells do not adhere to the surface of implanted materials or scaffolds directly, rather proteins of the ECM are initially adsorbed on the implant itself and cell attachment and other cellular interactions follow. 6. What are the factors that determine protein adsorption on a biomaterial surface? Factors that determine protein adsorption on a biomaterial surface include “natural material surfaces” such as wettability, topography, or charges. This study source was downloaded by 100000789398261 from CourseHero.com on 09-25-2026 16:14:16 GMT -05:00 https://www.coursehero.com/file/17665431/BMES-471-questions-for-article-1/ 7. What interactions should we know to modulate cell specific responses in the tissue and why? The main interactions we should know in order to modulate cell specific responses are: a. The interactions between the ECM and the implant on one side b. The interactions between the ECM and cells on the other side The knowledge of these interactions allows for the ability to optimize the functionality for biomaterial of interest. 8. What do TAd and FAd mean? TAd is the adhesion time, typically in minutes, which refers to the time it takes for half of the initial seeded cell amount to attach or adhere to the surface of the material. FAd is the adhesion force, typically measured in units of g, refers to the force needed to detach half of the cells that were adhered post centrifugation. 9. What does FAK mean? Why were FAK and vinculin investigated in this study? FAK is an acronym for “Focal Adhesion Kinase.” FAK and vinculin were investigated in this study for the purpose as FAK is a key player in enzymatic functions and the use of vinculin to promote binding stabilization. 10. According to Table 1, what ECM molecule is the most effective to promote fibroblast adhesion? What ECM molecule(s) is preferred for engineering blood vessel, bone, smooth muscle, and cartilage, respectively? The ECM molecule that is the most effective to promote fibroblast adhesion is fibronectin as it has the lowest TAd for fibroblast. For blood vessel, Laminin is preferred, for bone, Laminin is preferred, for smooth muscle collagen I is preferred, and for cartilage, fibronectin is preferred. 11. According to Table 2, what ECM molecule is the most effective to promote fibroblast adhesion? What ECM molecule(s) is preferred for engineering blood vessel, bone, smooth muscle, and cartilage, respectively? The ECM molecule that is the most effective to promote fibroblast adhesion is fibronectin. For blood vessel, laminin and collagen are preferred. For Bone, laminin is preferred, and for smooth muscle collagen and laminin are preferred. Lastly for cartilage, collagen I is preferred. 12. What does cell quocient indicate? The cell quotient indicates the ratio of the measured length and measured width of each cell body