NBME CBSE Latest Updated 2026/2027) (56pages)

Bulbus cordis Correct Answer-Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles endocardial cushions Correct Answer-Atrial septum, membranous interventricular septum; AV and semilunar valves neural crest left horn of the sinus venosus Correct Answer-coronary sinus posterior, sub cardinal, and supra cardinal veins Correct Answer-IVC Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein Correct Answer-SVC Right horn of sinus venosus Correct Answer-Smooth part of right atrium (sinus venarum) Patent foramen ovale Correct Answer-failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth Transposition of the great vessels Tetralogy of Fallot Persistent truncus arteriosus Correct Answer-Conotruncal abnormalities associated with failure of neural crest cells to migrate ductus venosus Correct Answer-connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver becomes ligamentum venosum phrenic nerve Correct Answer-innervates the diaphragm and pericardium S3 heart sound Correct Answer-Increased ventricular filling pressure (e.g., mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles normal in kids and pregnant women S4 heart sound Correct Answer-atrial kick late diastole, right before S1 best heard at apex in LLD position High atrial pressure. Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy) Always abnormal atria contract Correct Answer-a wave of JVP c wave Correct Answer-RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulging into atrium) wave of JVP x descent Correct Answer-JVP wave corresponding to downward displacement of closed tricuspid valve during rapid ventricular ejection phase reduced or absent in tricuspid regurge V wave Correct Answer-JVP wave corresponding to inc'd RA pressure due to filling against closed tricuspid valve y descent Correct Answer-JVP wave corresponding to RA emptying into RV absent in cardiac tamponade plusus parvus et tardus Correct Answer-pulses are weak with delayed peak Aortic stenosis PR interval Correct Answer-0.12-0.20 seconds 120 milliseconds QT interval length Correct Answer-9 - 11 squares = .36 to .44 seconds Hypokalemia Correct Answer-U wave present on ECG Mg sulfate Correct Answer-for torsades de pointe, hypokalemia (can lengthen QT and cause torsades), and pre-eclampsia (prevent seizures) Romano-Ward syndrome Correct Answer--Congenital long QT syndrome -Autosomal dominant, pure cardiac phenotype (no deafness). Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome Correct Answer--Congenital long QT syndrome -Autosomal recessive, sensorineural deafness Brugada syndrome Correct Answer--Autosomal dominant disorder affecting Na channels most common in Asian males. -ECG pattern of pseudo-right bundle branch block and ST elevations in V1-V3 (anterior ventricular septum) -inc risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac deatgh Prevent SCD with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome Correct Answer-Most common type of ventriuclar pre-excitation sydnrome. Abnormal fast accessory conduction pathway from atria to venricle bypasses the rateslowing AV node causing a delta wave and widening QRS with shortened PR interval. Could lead to a reentrant circuit and suprvaventicular tachy. First degree AV block Correct Answer-- PRI >5 boxes/.20 sec (200 msec) - Fixed but prolonged PRI (consistent but long) - normally get bradycardia here