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1. Health promotion and maintenance
• Exercise is necessary for wellness: it conditions the body; maintains fitness; restores body to a
maximum state of health; brings benefits to vital body systems (see box 38-5 below).
Box 38-5 Effects of Exercise
Cardiovascular System
• Increased cardiac output
• Improved myocardial contraction, thereby strengthening cardiac muscle
• Decreased resting heart rate
• Improved venous return
Pulmonary System
• Increased respiratory rate and depth followed by a quicker return to resting state
• Improved alveolar ventilation
• Decreased work of breathing
• Improved diaphragmatic excursion
Metabolic System
• Increased basal metabolic rate
• Increased use of glucose and fatty acids
• Increased triglyceride breakdown
• Increased gastric motility
• Increased production of body heat
Musculoskeletal System
• Improved muscle tone
• Increased joint mobility
• Improved muscle tolerance to physical exercise
• Possible increase in muscle mass
• Reduced bone loss
Activity Tolerance
• Improved tolerance
• Decreased fatigue
Psychosocial Factors
• Improved tolerance to stress
• Reports of “feeling betterâ€
• Reports of decrease in illness (e.g., colds, influenza)
• A sedentary lifestyle contributes to the development of health-related problems
o For example, Physical inactivity is a modifiable risk factor for the development of type 2
diabetes.
• Every person must have a plan of activities and exercise that enhances his physical fitness
o The patient has to take ownership of the program of exercise
• First, the person needs to calculate their target heart rate:
o 1. Calculate the maximum heart rate:
▪ Max HR = 220 – (age of person)
o 2. Calculate target heart rate
â–ª Between 60% and 90% of Max HR
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