NR 507 Anemia Exam 2026/2027) (20pages)

Anemia - answer_______ is a hematological disorder characterized by a reduction in the total number of circulating red blood cells (RBCs) and/or a decrease in hemoglobin (Hb) amount or function. Anemia can be caused by? - answer1) impaired RBC production, 2) excessive blood loss, 3) increased RBC destruction OR any combination of the three. Red Blood Cell (RBC) - answerThe number of erythrocytes in 1 cubic mm of whole blood. Normal for men is 4.7-6.1 mcL. Normal in women is 4.5-5.2 mcL. Hemoglobin (Hgb) - answerThe oxygen carrying pigment of red cells. Normal for men is 13.5-17.5 g/dL. Normal for women is 12.0-15.5 g/dL. Hematocrit (Hct) - answerThe volume of cells as a percentage of the total volume of cells and plasma in whole blood. Normal for women is 37-48%. Reticulocyte - answerImmature RBCs. Used to assess bone marrow function. Normal in adults is approximately 3%. Mean Cell Volume (MCV) - answerThis measures the average size of the RBC. Normal is 80-100 fL. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) - answerAverage weight of hemoglobin per red cell. Normal is 27-33 pg Mean Corpuscular Hemoglonin Concentration (MCHC) - answerAverage concentration of hemoglobin per erythrocyte. Normal is 32-36%. Red Cell Distribution Width - answerThe index of a quantitative estimate of the uniformity of individual cell size. Normal is 11.5-14.5% Anemia Classification - answerAnemias can be classified into 3 categories based on the average size of the RBCs (MCV): Microcytic anemia (MCV<80>100 fL) describes RBCs that are large. Normocytic anemia (MCV 80-99 fL) describes RBCs that are normal in size. Microcytic (MCV<80>100 fL) - answerB12 deficiency (pernicious anemia) Folate deficiency Anemias can also be classified according to the color of the RBCs: - answerHypochromic anemia describes RBCs with less hemoglobin than normal. As a result, the RBCs appear pale in color (MCHC is low). Hyperchromic anemia describes RBCs with more hemoglobin than normal. As a result, the RBCs appear a dark hue or red than normal cells (MCHC is high). Normochromic anemia describes RBCs that have a normal amount of hemoglobin. As a result, the RBCs appear neither pale nor dark (MCHC is normal). Clinical Manifestations of Anemia: Decreased tissue oxygenation from anemia can manifest as signs and symptoms of the following: - answerSevere fatigue Pallor Weakness Dyspnea Dizziness Clinical Manifestations of Anemia: The reduction in RBC level will - answer-Decrease blood volume, -Activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system, which promotes fluid retention and movement of interstitial fluid into the capillaries. This will not only increase plasma volume but also dilute the plasma further. The dilute blood flows faster, which creates a hyperdynamic state. This "stresses" the cardiac system and can result in tachycardia or even heart failure. Bone Marrow - answerRed blood cell production begins in the? Anemia reduces oxygen transport in the blood due to - answer___ decreased hemoglobin. Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells throughout the body. Therefore, anemia directly impacts oxygenation. The hemoglobin level may be decreased due to a decreased production of protein, decrease in erythrocytes, or a combination of the two.