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Osteomalacia (risk factors)
o Most often in older adults, premature infants of very low birth weight, andÂ
individuals adhering to rigid macrobiotic vegetarian diets
o Breast-fed black infants who do not receive vitamin D supplementation
o Vitamin D deficiency
Diet deficient
Decreased endogenous production of vitamin D
Intestinal malabsorption
Renal tubular disease
Anticonvulsant therapy
Periostitis
inflammation of the periosteum (the membrane enveloping the bone). the conditionÂ
is chronic and marked by tenderness and swelling of the bone and an aching pain
distortion
a trauma to the joints, typically due to improper movement that cause momentaryÂ
escape of the joint from its seat bone and its immediate return. Most often affectedÂ
areas include ankle, finger, and knee joints
Fracture
• A fracture is a break in the continuity of a bone
• Occurs when force is applied that exceeds the tensile or compressive strength ofÂ
the bone
Fracture (stats)
highest incidence - young male (15-24) and adults > 65
o Most prevalent among black males <65>65
o Young people tend to fracture healthy bones d/t trauma: tibia, clavicle, lowerÂ
humerus
o Accidental fractures in workplace: hands, feet
o Older adults d/t osteoporosis: upper femur, upper humerus, vertebrae, pelvis
Complete fracture
bone is broken all the way through
Incomplete fracture
bone is damaged but still in one piece
Tend to occur in flexible, growing bones of children
Types of incomplete fracture
Greenstick fracture
Torus or buckle fracture
Bowing fracture
Greenstick fracture
fracture that perforates one cortex and splinters the spongy bone and is relativelyÂ
unstable
Torus or buckle fracture
the cortex buckles but does not break; a relatively stable fracture
Bowing fracture
occurs when longitudinal force is applied to bone
Common in children (radius-ulna or fibula-tibia)
Treatment is difficult because the bowed bone interferes with reduction of theÂ
fractured bone
Open or compound fracture
if the skin is broken
Closed or simple fracture
if skin is not broken
Comminuted fracture
bone breaks into more than two fragments
Linear fracture
fracture runs parallel to the long axis of the bone
Oblique fracture
slanted fracture of the shaft of the bone
Transverse fracture
fracture straight across the bone
Pathologic fracture
a break at the site of a preexisting abnormality (ie tumor) and by force that wouldÂ
not fracture a normal bone
Stress fracture
occurs in normal or abnormal bone that is subjected to repeated forces (ie athletics)
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