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A patient presents with dyspnea, fatigue, and peripheral
edema. Which of the following pathophysiological
mechanisms is most likely responsible for these
symptoms?
 A. Decreased cardiac output
 B. Increased systemic vascular resistance
 C. Hypervolemia
 D. Pulmonary hypertension
 Answer: A
 Rationale: The symptoms described are consistent with
heart failure, which is primarily characterized by
decreased cardiac output leading to systemic and
pulmonary congestion.
A patient is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Which of the following pathophysiological processes is
primarily responsible for the development of
hyperglycemia in this condition?
 A. Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion
 B. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
 C. Deficiency of amylin hormone
 D. Increased glucagon secretion
 Answer: A
 Rationale: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by
insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, leading
to elevated blood glucose levels.
A patient presents with severe abdominal pain, nausea,Â
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