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1. A 45-year-old male patient presents to the primary care
clinic with complaints of fatigue, weight loss, and frequent
urination. He has a history of hypertension and smoking.
The nurse suspects that he may have diabetes mellitus.
Which of the following tests would be most appropriate to
confirm the diagnosis?
a) Fasting plasma glucose
b) Oral glucose tolerance test
c) Glycated hemoglobin (A1C)
d) Random blood glucose
*Answer: c) Glycated hemoglobin (A1C)*
Rationale: A1C is a measure of the average blood glucose
level over the past 2 to 3 months. It is a reliable indicator of
diabetes mellitus and does not require fasting or oral
glucose ingestion. A1C levels of 6.5% or higher indicate
diabetes mellitus. Fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose
tolerance test, and random blood glucose are also used to
diagnose diabetes mellitus, but they are less accurate and
more affected by factors such as food intake, stress, and
medication.
2. A 25-year-old female patient visits the primary care
clinic for a routine check-up. She reports that she has been
using heroin for the past year and wants to quit. She has
tried to stop several times but experienced withdrawal
symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle
aches, and anxiety. She asks the nurse what treatment
options are available for her. Which of the following
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