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1. What are the four metaparadigms of nursing and how do they guide nursing
practice? (4 marks)
Answer: The four metaparadigms of nursing are person, environment, health,
and nursing. They guide nursing practice by providing a framework for
understanding the holistic nature of nursing care, the interrelatedness of the
concepts, and the values and beliefs that underlie nursing actions.
2. What are the three levels of prevention in health promotion and give an
example of each? (6 marks)
Answer: The three levels of prevention in health promotion are primary,
secondary, and tertiary. Primary prevention aims to prevent disease or injury
before it occurs, such as by immunization, education, or environmental
modification. Secondary prevention aims to detect and treat disease or injury
early, such as by screening, diagnosis, or medication. Tertiary prevention aims
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