NSG 5003 Advanced Pathophysiology COMPLETED EXAM 2026 (18pages)

1. What is the difference between prevalence and incidence of a disease? a) Prevalence is the number of new cases of a disease in a given time period, while incidence is the proportion of the population that has the disease at a given point in time. b) Prevalence is the proportion of the population that has the disease at a given point in time, while incidence is the number of new cases of a disease in a given time period. c) Prevalence and incidence are synonymous terms that refer to the number of existing cases of a disease in a population. d) Prevalence and incidence are synonymous terms that refer to the number of new cases of a disease in a population. **b) Prevalence is the proportion of the population that has the disease at a given point in time, while incidence is the number of new cases of a disease in a given time period.** 2. What is the term for programmed cell death that involves single cells or small groups of cells and does not cause inflammation? a) Necrosis b) Apoptosis c) Autophagy d) Pyroptosis **b) Apoptosis** 3. What is the main cause of cellular injury due to hypoxia? a) Decreased oxygen delivery to the cells b) Decreased ATP production by the cells c) Increased free radical formation by the cells d) Increased calcium influx into the cells **b) Decreased ATP production by the cells** 4. What is an effect of ionizing radiation exposure on DNA? a) Breakage of single or double strands b) Formation of cross-links between strands c) Induction of point mutations or deletions d) All of the above **d) All of the above**