NSG 5003 Week 3 Knowledge Check Quiz

NSG 5003 Week 3 Knowledge Check Quiz (Latest): Advanced Pathophysiology: South University written by stuviahero The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material At Stuvia, you will find the best notes, summaries, flashcards & other study material. Search for your school or uni and find the study material you need.www.stuvia.com

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EXAM # 3

Oncogenes are genes that are capable of:

a.Undergoing mutation that directs the synthesis of proteins to accelerate the rate oftissue proliferation b.Directing synthesis of proteins to regulate growth and to provide necessary re-placement of tissue c.Encoding proteins that negatively regulate the synthesis of proteins to slow or halt the replacement of tissue

• Undergoing mutation that directs malignant tissue toward blood vessels and lymphnodes for metastasis

ANS: A Oncogenes are mutant genes that, before mutation, direct synthesis of proteins that positively regulate (accelerate) proliferation. The remaining options do not describe oncogenes Burkitt lymphomas designate a chromosome that has a piece of chromosome 8 fused to apiece of chromosome This is an example of which mutation of normal genes to onco-genes?a.Point mutation b.Chromosome translocation c.Gene amplification d.Chromosome fusion ANS: B Chromosome translocations, in which a piece of one chromosome is translocated to another chromosome, can activate oncogenes. One of the best examples (8;14) translocation found in many Burkitt lymphomas; t(8;14) designates a chromosome that has a piece of chromosome 8 fused to a piece of chromosome 14. The remaining options are not best depicted by a Burkitt lymphoma In childhood neuroblastoma, the N-myc oncogene undergoes which type of mutation of nor-mal gene to oncogene?a.Point mutation b.Chromosome fusion c.Gene amplification d.Chromosome translocation ANS: C Amplifications are the result of the duplication of a small piece of a chromosome over and over again; consequently, instead of the normal two copies of a gene, tens or even hundreds of copies are present (see Chapter 4). The N-myc oncogene is amplified in 25% of childhood neuroblastoma What aberrant change causes the abnormal growth in retinoblastoma?a.Proto-oncogenes are changed to oncogenes.b.The tumor-suppressor gene is turned off.c.Genetic amplification causes the growth. Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material

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Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Materiald.Chromosomes 9 and 21 are fused.ANS: B One of the first discovered tumor-suppressor genes, the retinoblastoma(Rb)gene, normally strongly inhibits the cell division cycle. When it is inactivated, the cell division cycle can proceed unchecked. The Rb gene is mutated in childhood retinoblastoma. The remaining options do not describe the abnormal growth in retinoblastoma.

Two “hits” are required to inactivate tumor-suppressor genes because:

• Each allele must be altered, and each person has two copies, oralleles, of each gene, one from each parent.
• The first hit stops tissue growth, and the second hit is needed tocause abnormal tissue growth.
• Tumor-suppressor genes are larger than proto-oncogenes requiring two hits to e²ect carcinogenesis.
• The first hit is insufficient to cause enough damage to cause amutation.

ANS: A A single genetic event can activate an oncogene, acting in a dominant manner in the cell. However, each person has two copies, or alleles, of each gene, one from each parent. Therefore two hits are required to inactivate the two alleles of a tumor-suppressor gene, allowing the process to become active. The remaining options do not describe the reason two hits are required.

Chronic inflammation causes cancer by:

a.Increasing vasodilation and permeability that alter cellular response to DNA dam-age b.Liberating lysosomal enzymes when cells are damaged that initiates mutations c.Releasing compounds such as reactive oxygen species that promote mutations d.Increasing the abundance of leukotrienes that are associated with some cancers ANS: C Inflammatory cells release compounds, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other reactive molecules, that can promote mutations and block the cellular response to DNA damage. At present, no research supports the other options as factors related to inflammation causing What is the consequence for cells when the functioning TP53 gene is lost as a result of mutation?

• Cells undergo apoptosis.
• Cells escape apoptosis.
• Cells receive less oxygen.
• Cells adhere more readily.

ANS: B The most common mutations conferring resistance to apoptosis occur intheTP53gene. The remaining options do not accurately describe the eject when the functioning TP53gene is lost as a result of mutation Which gastrointestinal tract condition can be an outcome of both chemotherapy and radiation therapy?

• Increased cell turnover
• Constipation
• Stomatitis Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material

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Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Materiald. Bloody stool ANS: C Chemotherapy and radiation therapy may cause a decreased cell turnover, thereby leading to oral ulcers (stomatitis), malabsorption, and diarrhea. None of the other options accurately describe related conditions resulting from chemotherapy and/or radiation therapies It has been determined that a tumor is in stage 2. What is the meaning of this finding?a.Cancer is confined to the organ of origin.b.Cancer has spread to regional structures.c.Cancer is locally invasive.d.Cancer has spread to distant sites ANS: C Cancer confined to the organ of origin is stage 1; cancer that is locally invasive is stage 2; cancer that has spread to regional structures, such as the lymph nodes, is stage 3; and cancer that has spread to distant sites, such as a liver cancer spreading to the lung or a prostate cancer spreading to bone, is stage Which statement is true regarding pain and cancer?a.Pain is primarily a result of pressure caused by the tumor.b.Pain indicates the metastasis of a cancer.c.Pain is usually the initial symptom of cancer.d.Pain is generally associated with late-stage cancer.ANS: D Pain is generally associated with the late stages of cancer. Pressure, obstruction, invasion of a structure sensitive to pain, stretching, tissue destruction, and inflammation can cause pain. Pain is not the initial symptom of cancer nor does it indication that the cancer has metasta-sized.Which cancer may be treated with radiation delivered by brachytherapy?a.Lung b.Colon c.Cervical d.Brain ANS: C Radiation sources, such as small125I-labeled capsules (also called seeds), can also be temporarily placed into body cavities, a delivery method termed brachytherapy. Brachytherapy is useful in the treatment of cervical, prostate, and head and neck cancers. Brachytherapy is not used in the treatment of the other cancers.

The survival rate for stage IV Hodgkin disease can be as high as:

a.99% b.70% c.40% d.20% ANS: B Survival rates for Hodgkin disease is 99% for stage I and 70% for stage IV.What is the cause of anemia in a patient diagnosed with pancreatic cancer?a.Impaired pancreatic function b.Malnutrition c.Chronic bleeding Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material

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