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1. What are the common signs and symptoms of heart failure? How would you assess and
manage a patient with this condition?
- The common signs and symptoms of heart failure include dyspnea, orthopnea, fatigue,
edema, jugular venous distension, crackles, tachycardia, and low urine output. To
assess a patient with heart failure, you would obtain a detailed history, perform a
physical examination, measure vital signs, oxygen saturation, and weight, and order
laboratory tests such as blood chemistry, BNP, CBC, and cardiac enzymes. To manage
a patient with heart failure, you would administer oxygen therapy, diuretics,
vasodilators, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, or ARBs as prescribed, monitor fluid
balance and electrolytes, educate the patient about lifestyle modifications such as salt
restriction, smoking cessation, and exercise, and refer the patient to a cardiologist or a
heart failure clinic.
2. What are the risk factors and preventive measures for stroke? How would you recognize
and respond to a stroke in progress?
- The risk factors for stroke include hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, atrial
fibrillation, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, family history, and age. The
preventive measures for stroke include controlling blood pressure, blood sugar, and
cholesterol levels, taking anticoagulants or antiplatelets as prescribed, quitting smoking,
maintaining a healthy weight and diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding alcohol and
illicit drugs. To recognize a stroke in progress, you would use the FAST acronym: F for
facial drooping, A for arm weakness, S for speech difficulty, and T for time to call 911.
To respond to a stroke in progress, you would activate the emergency response system,
assess the patient's airway, breathing, and circulation, monitor vital signs and
neurological status, administer oxygen as needed, keep the patient calm and
comfortable, and prepare for transport to a stroke center.
3. What are the types and causes of urinary incontinence? How would you evaluate and
treat a patient with this problem?
- The types of urinary incontinence are stress incontinence (leakage due to increased
abdominal pressure), urge incontinence (leakage due to overactive bladder), overflow
incontinence (leakage due to incomplete bladder emptying), functional incontinence
(leakage due to cognitive or physical impairment), and mixed incontinence
(combination of two or more types). The causes of urinary incontinence vary depending
on the type and may include pelvic floor weakness or damage, prostate enlargement or
surgery,
bladder infection or irritation,
neurological disorders,
medication side effects,
constipation,
or psychological factors. To evaluate a patient with urinary incontinence,
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