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1. What is the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women? How
can UTIs be prevented and treated?
A. The most common cause of UTIs in women is **Escherichia coli** (E. coli), a type
of bacteria that normally lives in the intestines. UTIs can be prevented by drinking
plenty of fluids, wiping from front to back after urinating or defecating, urinating after
sexual intercourse, and avoiding irritants such as douches, perfumed products, or
spermicides. UTIs can be treated with antibiotics, pain relievers, and cranberry juice or
supplements.
2. What are the signs and symptoms of **preeclampsia**? What are the potential
complications for the mother and the fetus?
A. Preeclampsia is a condition that occurs in some pregnant women, usually after 20
weeks of gestation, characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine. The
signs and symptoms of preeclampsia include headache, blurred vision, swelling of the
face, hands, or feet, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and decreased urine output.
Preeclampsia can lead to serious complications for the mother and the fetus, such as
eclampsia (seizures), HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low
platelets), placental abruption, fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, or stillbirth.
3. What are the risk factors and screening methods for **cervical cancer**? What are
the treatment options for different stages of cervical cancer?
A. The risk factors for cervical cancer include human papillomavirus (HPV) infection,
smoking, immunosuppression, multiple sexual partners, early sexual activity, oral
contraceptive use, and family history. The screening methods for cervical cancer
include Pap smear and HPV test. The treatment options for different stages of cervical
cancer depend on the size and extent of the tumor, the presence or absence of lymph
node involvement or distant metastasis, and the patient's preferences and overall health.
The treatment options may include surgery (such as hysterectomy, trachelectomy, or
pelvic exenteration), radiation therapy (external or internal), chemotherapy, targeted
therapy, or immunotherapy.
4. What are the types and causes of **menstrual disorders**? How are they diagnosed
and managed?
A. Menstrual disorders are abnormal conditions that affect the menstrual cycle. They
include **amenorrhea** (absence of menstruation), **dysmenorrhea** (painful
menstruation), **menorrhagia** (heavy or prolonged bleeding), **metrorrhagia**
(irregular or frequent bleeding), **oligomenorrhea** (infrequent or light bleeding), and
**premenstrual syndrome** (PMS) or premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
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