NU 545 Unit 1 Test Bank

NU 545 Unit 1 Test Bank Questions and Answers- University of South Alabama

• Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process?
• To provide specific responses toward antigens
• To lyse cell membranes of microorganisms
• To prevent infection of the injured tissue
• To create immunity against subsequent tissue injury
• How do surfactant proteins A through D provide innate resistance?
• Initiate the complement cascade.
• Promote phagocytosis.
• Secrete mucus.
• Synthesize lysosomes.
• Which secretion is a first line of defense against pathogen invasion that

involves antibacterial and antifungal fatty acids, as well as lactic acid? a.Optic tears

• Oral saliva
• Sweat gland perspiration
• Sebaceous gland sebum
• Which bacterium grows in the intestines after prolonged antibiotic

therapy?

• Lactobacillus
• Candida albicans
• Clostridium difficile
• Helicobacter pylori
• What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?
• Vasodilation of blood vessels
• Increased capillary permeability
• Endothelial cell expansion
• Emigration of neutrophils
• What process causes heat and redness to occur during the

inflammatory process?

• Vasodilation of blood vessels
• Platelet aggregation
• Decreased capillary permeability
• Endothelial cell contraction
• What does activation of the classical pathway begin with?
• Viruses
• Antigen-antibody complexes
• Mast cells
• Macrophages
• What plasma protein system forms a fibrinous meshwork at an inflamed

site?

• Complement
• Coagulation
• Kinin
• Fibrinolysis
• Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic

microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages?

• Complement cascade
• Coagulation system
• Kinin system
• Immune system
• What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells?
• Platelet adhesion
• Initiation of the clotting cascade
• Vasodilation
• Increased endothelial adhesiveness
• What is an outcome of the complement cascade?
• Activation of the clotting cascade

• Prevention of the spread of infection to adjacent tissues
• Inactivation of chemical mediators such as histamine
• Lysis of bacterial cell membranes
• What is the function of opsonization related to the complement

cascade?

• To tag pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and

macrophages

• To process pathogenic microorganisms so that activated lymphocytes

can be created for acquired immunity

• To destroy glycoprotein cell membranes of pathogenic microorganisms
• To promote anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell degranulation
• In the coagulation (clotting) cascade, the intrinsic and the extrinsic

pathways converge at which factor?

• XII
• VII
• X
• V
• Which chemical interacts among all plasma protein systems by

degrading blood clots, activating complement, and activating the Hageman factor?

• Kallikrein
• Histamine
• Bradykinin
• Plasmin
• How does the chemotactic factor affect the inflammatory process?
• By causing vasodilation around the inflamed area
• By stimulating smooth muscle contraction in the inflamed area
• By directing leukocytes to the inflamed area
• By producing edema around the inflamed area
• What effect does the process of histamine binding to the histamine-
• (H2) receptor have on inflammation? a. Inhibition
• Activation
• Acceleration
• Termination
• Frequently when H1 and H2 receptors are located on the same

cells, they act in what fashion? a. Synergistically

• Additively
• Antagonistically
• Agonistically
• Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing

because of which problem?

• Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues.
• Complement and chemotaxis are deficient.
• Underlying chronic illness(es) exists.
• Number of mast cells is insufficient.
• Which chemical mediator derived from mast cells retracts

endothelial cells to increase vascular permeability and to cause leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells? a. Chemokines

• Prostaglandin E
• Platelet-activating factor
• Bradykinin
• What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)?
• Increases capillary permeability, and causes pain
• Increases neutrophil chemotaxis and platelet aggregation
• Causes smooth muscle contraction and fever
• Decreases mast cell function, and decreases platelet aggregation
• What is the correct sequence in phagocytosis?
• Engulfment, recognition, fusion, destruction
• Fusion, engulfment, recognition, destruction
• Recognition, engulfment, fusion, destruction
• Engulfment, fusion, recognition, destruction

• When considering white blood cell differentials, acute

inflammatory reactions are related to elevations of which leukocyte?

• Monocytes
• Eosinophils
• Neutrophils
• Basophils
• In the later stages of an inflammatory response, which phagocytic cell

is predominant?

• Neutrophils
• Monocytes
• Chemokines
• Eosinophils
• In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells, the role of

eosinophils is to release what?

• Arylsulfatase B, which stimulates the formation of B lymphocytes
• Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute

inflammation

• Lysosomal enzymes, which activate mast cell degranulation during

acuteinflammation

• Immunoglobulin E, which defends the body against parasites
• What is a role of a natural killer (NK) cells?
• Initiation of the complement cascade
• Elimination of malignant cells
• Binding tightly to antigens
• Proliferation after immunization with antigen
• Which cytokine is produced and released from virally infected host

cells?

• IL-1
• IL-10
• TNF
• IFN
• Which manifestation of inflammation is systemic?
• Formation of exudates
• Fever and leukocytosis
• Redness and heat
• Pain and edema
• The acute inflammatory response is characterized by fever that

is produced by the hypothalamus being affected by what? a.Endogenous pyrogens

• Bacterial endotoxin
• Antigen-antibody complexes
• Exogenous pyrogens
• What occurs during the process of repair after tissue damage?
• Nonfunctioning scar tissue replaces destroyed tissue.
• Regeneration occurs; the original tissue is replaced.
• Resolution occurs; tissue is regenerated.
• Epithelialization replaces destroyed tissue.
• What is the role of fibroblasts during the reconstructive phase of

wound healing?

• Generate new capillaries from vascular endothelial cells around the

wound.

• Establish connections between neighboring cells and contract their

fibers.

• Synthesize and secrete collagen and the connective tissue proteins.
• Provide enzymes that débride the wound bed of dead cells.
• A keloid is the result of which dysfunctional wound healing response?
• Epithelialization
• Contraction
• Collagen matrix assembly
• Maturation
• A student is preparing to irrigate a patient’s wound and gathers

supplies, including hydrogen peroxide. What response by the health care professional is best?

• Help the student gather the rest of the supplies.
• Instruct the student to dilute the hydrogen peroxide.
• Tell the student to get some normal saline instead.
• Ask the patient if pain medication is needed first.
• Many neonates have a transient depressed inflammatory response as

a result of which condition?

• The circulatory system is too immature to perfuse tissues adequately.
• Complement and chemotaxis are deficient.
• Mast cells are lacking.
• The respiratory system is too immature to deliver oxygen to tissues.
• During phagocytosis, what is occurring during the step referred to as

opsonization?

• Phagocytes recognize and adhere to the bacteria.
• Microorganisms are ingested.
• Microorganisms are killed and digested.
• An intracellular phagocytic vacuole is formed.
• Fusion is the step of phagocytosis during which what happens?
• Microorganisms are killed and digested.
• An intracellular phagocytic vacuole is formed.
• Lysosomal granules enter the phagocyte.
• Microorganisms are ingested.
• What does the phagosome step result in during the process of

endocytosis?

• Microorganisms are ingested.
• Microorganisms are killed and digested.
• Phagocytes recognize and adhere to bacteria.
• An intracellular phagocytic vacuole is formed.
• When cellular damage occurs and regeneration is minor with no

significant complications, what is the process of returning the cells to preinjury function referred to as? a. Restoration

• Resolution
• Regrowth
• Replacement
• Newborns often have deficiencies in collecting-like proteins,

making them more susceptible to what type of infection? a. Cardiac

• Urinary
• Respiratory
• Gastrointestinal
• Which cell is the body’s primary defense against parasite invasion?
• Eosinophil
• Neutrophils
• T lymphocytes
• B lymphocytes
• Which chemical mediators induce pain during an

inflammatory response? (Select all that apply.) a. Prostaglandins

• Leukotrienes
• Tryptase
• Phospholipase
• Bradykinin
• What do sebaceous glands secrete in order to protect the body from

infection? (Select all that apply.)

• Antibacterial fatty acids
• Antifungal fatty acids
• Ascorbic acid
• Lactic acid
• Hydrochloric acid
• Which body fluids have the ability to attack the cell walls of

grampositive bacteria? (Select all that apply.) a. Perspiration

• Semen
• Tears
• Saliva
• Urine