NU 621 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterms (Qns & Ans) 2026

NU 621 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterms (Qns & Ans) 2026

1. Which of the following is the primary pathophysiological
mechanism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
 - A. Airway hyperresponsiveness
 - B. Alveolar destruction
 - C. Pulmonary embolism
 - D. Pleural effusion
 - ANS: B. Alveolar destruction
 - Rationale: COPD primarily involves the destruction of
alveoli, leading to decreased gas exchange and airflow
obstruction.
2. In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which
electrolyte imbalance is most commonly observed?
 - A. Hyperkalemia
 - B. Hypocalcemia
 - C. Hypernatremia
 - D. Hypomagnesemia
 - ANS: A. Hyperkalemia
 - Rationale: Hyperkalemia is common in CKD due to
decreased renal excretion of potassium.

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