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What are the functions of the kidneys? - ANS- Regulation of blood pressure;
regulating blood osmolarity; removal of toxins; blood filtration; activate vitamin D
What are the clinical manifestations of benign prostatic hypertrophy? - ANSdribbling; difficulty initiating urine stream; hesitancy; urinary retention, decreased
stream
What substance controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts? - ANSADH- Anti Diuretic Hormone
What is type 2 diabetes characterized as? - ANS- peripheral tissue insulin resistance
What are the clinical manifestations of Graves' disease? - ANS- Exophthalmos
(bulging eyes), goiter, enlarge thyroid, heat intolerance, anxiety- hyperthyroidism
What processes occur during fasting? - ANS- glucogenesis; glycogenesis
What type of tissue is accessed to promote energy production in type 1 diabetes? -
ANS- adipose/ fat
What are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? - ANS- myxedema, fatigue,
cold sensitivity, constipation, weight gain
What are the clinical manifestations of hyperthyroidism? - ANS- Goiter, fatigue,
weight loss, infertility, memory loss, hair loss, muscle pain
What are the clinical manifestation of hyper para thyroidism? - ANS- fatigue, body
aches, bone pain, depression, headaches, memory loss
What are the clinical manifestations of hypo para thyroidism? - ANS- numbness,
tetany, parathesis, muscle spasms
What are the clinical manifestations of ketoacidosis? - ANS- fruity breath,
drowsiness, nausea, thirst, confusion, lethargy, vomiting
What mechanisms control hormone release and regulation? - ANS- negative
feedback loop
What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland? - ANS- Growth
Hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, LH,
ACTH and endorphins
What is diabetes insipidus? - ANS- a disorder caused by inadequate amounts of
ADH which causes excessive water loss
clinical manifestations of diabetes insipidus - ANS- polyuria, nocturia, continuous
thirst, and polydipsia
clinical manifestations of Cushings syndrome? - ANS- Excessive secretion of cortisol
causes redistribution of fat, "moon face", "buffalo" hump on the back and pendulous
abdomen. -
Facial skin is flushed (high blood pressure), skin covering abdomen develops stretch
marks - •
ndividual bruises easily and wound healing is poor -
Approximately 1/2 develop mental status changes from irritability to severe
psychiatric disturbance -
Females may experience changes due to increased androgen levels
clinical manifestations of secondary hypothyroidism - ANS- Weakness. -
Fatigue. -
Cold intolerance. -
Constipation. -
Weight gain. -
Depression. -
Joint or muscle pain. -
Brittle fingernails.
clinical manifestations of primary hypothyroidism - ANS- fatigue. -
lethargy. -
sensitivity to cold. -
depression. -
muscle weakness.
clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism - ANS- hypertension and
hypokalemia
clinical manifestations of secondary aldosteronism - ANS- High blood pressure. -
Low level of potassium in the blood. -
Feeling tired all the time. -
Headache. -
Muscle weakness. -
Numbness.
What is myxedema? - ANS- severe hypothyroidism; non pitting edema
What are the causes of hypothyroidism? - ANS- Hashimoto's disease: most common
when the immune system attacks the thyroid cells
- after surgical or radioactive treatment for hyperthyroidism
- head or neck radiation for cancer
- iodine deficiency
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