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MODULE 1: CELLULAR REGULATION Cancer • Primary vs. Secondary prevention Primary CA prevention: removal of “at risk†tissue, chemoprevention, vaccination (HPV) SecondaryCAprevention: regular screening • Risk factors/warning signs (CAUTION mneumonic) C: change in bowel/bladder function A: a sore throat that does not heal U: unusual bleeding T: thickening lumps I: indigestion/difficulty swallowing O: obvious change in mole N: nagging cough/hoarseness • Treatment types, side effects/complications (& treatment/nursing care of side effects/complications) Surgery: can be prophylactic, diagnostic, curative, palliative SE/complications: removed organs and tissues lose function, removal of organs does not necessarilyridcancer Radiation: destroy cancer cells with minimal damaging effects of surrounding normal cells SE/complications: radiation dermatitis, altered taste/fatigue, atherosclerosis, coronary arterydisease,fibrosis, scarring, bone marrow suppression Nursing care: provide accurate info, skin care (wash gently with soap and water, avoid scrubbing), donot remove temporary ink markings, provide nutritional support, care of xerostomia (administersalivasubstitutes, lozenges, mouth rinses), reduce risk for bone fracture, encourage exercise andsleepinterventions to treat fatigue Chemotherapy: treatment of cancer using antineoplastic drugs (cytotoxic systemic therapy) SE/complications: dosage and scheduling (dose-limiting side effects may impact), extravasationandvesicants, bone marrow suppression (neutropenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia), mucositis (inflammation of oral mucosa) alopecia (hair loss), chemo brain, chemo-induced peripheral neuropathy,fatigue Nursing care: epo-alfa/Epogen, blood products, no flossing, soft toothbrush, no razors, noNSAIDS, treatnausea (peppermint oil, Zofran, fluids, room temperature food, alcohol swabs) Immunotherapy: enhances and alters pt’s biological response to cancer cells via direct antitumor activitySE/complications: fluid shifts/inflammation, decreased LOC and other neuro changes, fever, chills, malaise Photodynamic therapy: selective destruction of cancer cells via chemical reaction triggered by last lightwhich destroys or shrinks tumors Hormonal manipulation: changing
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