NUR 339 Exam

NUR 339 Exam
1. Dysphagia pathophysiology
Answer
difficulty swallowing, due to strokes, esophageal strictures, or cancer
2. Hiatal hernia pathophysiology
Answer
opening in diaphragm where esophagus pass- es becomes enlarged and the stomach pushes up
into lower thorax; type 1 sliding, stomach and esophagus slides in and out of thorax; type 2
paraoesophageal, all or part of stomach pushes up beside esophagus
3. Hiatal hernia clinical manifestations
Answer
can be asymptomatic; heartburn (pyro- sis), regurgitation, dysphagia, large hernia can lead to
food intolerance, nausea, vomiting; hemorrhage or obstruction are more common with type 2
4. Hiatal hernia diagnosis
Answer
Xray, EGD, chest CT, barium swallow
5. Hiatal hernia treatment
Answer
small and frequent meals, sitting up after eating, head of bed up at night (surgery if severe)
6. GERD pathophysiology
Answer
there is a weak lower esophageal sphincter and in- creased intraabdominal pressure, causes
reflux ofstomach contentsinto esophagus which causes mucosal injury
7. GERD risk factors
Answer
high fat foods, caffeine, fluids, gastric distention, cigarette smoking, recumbent posture

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