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1. Which of the following is considered the founder of
modern nursing who established the first secular nursing
school in London and improved sanitary conditions in
hospitals during the Crimean War?
a) Clara Barton
b) Dorothea Dix
c) Florence Nightingale*
d) Mary Seacole
Rationale: Florence Nightingale is widely regarded as the
founder of modern nursing for her contributions to nursing
education, research, and practice. She established the
Nightingale School of Nursing at St. Thomas' Hospital in
London in 1860, which was the first secular nursing school
in the world. She also advocated for better hygiene and
sanitation in hospitals, especially during the Crimean War,
where she reduced the mortality rate of wounded soldiers
by implementing sanitary reforms.
2. Which of the following is a historical example of a nurse
theorist who developed a conceptual model of nursing that
emphasized the holistic care of individuals, families, and
communities?
a) Martha Rogers*
b) Virginia Henderson
c) Jean Watson
d) Betty Neuman
Rationale: Martha Rogers developed the Science of Unitary
Human Beings, a conceptual model of nursing that views
human beings as dynamic energy fields that interact withÂ
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