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Question 1: Cardiovascular Pathophysiology
 Describe the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, including the sequence of events from
endothelial dysfunction to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Discuss the clinical
implications and potential complications of atherosclerosis.
 Answer 1: Cardiovascular Pathophysiology
 Atherosclerosis begins with endothelial dysfunction, leading to the accumulation of LDL
cholesterol, inflammatory response, foam cell formation, and plaque development. Clinical
implications include reduced blood flow, ischemia, and potential complications such as
myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.
 Rationale:
 This question assesses students' understanding of atherosclerosis, its progression, and
potential clinical consequences, which are crucial for nursing assessment, intervention, and
patient education in managing patients at risk for or with atherosclerosis-related conditions.
Question 2: Respiratory Pathophysiology
 Explain the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), focusing on
the mechanisms of airflow limitation, air trapping, and mucus hypersecretion. Discuss the
impact of COPD exacerbations on lung function and patients' quality of life.
 Answer 2: Respiratory Pathophysiology
 COPD involves airflow limitation due to airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and
alveolar destruction. Exacerbations lead to increased air trapping, hypoxemia, and
hypercapnia, impacting lung function and causing worsening dyspnea and reduced quality of
life for patients.
 Rationale:
 Evaluating students' understanding of COPD pathophysiology, exacerbation mechanisms,
and their impact on patients' respiratory function and well-being is essential for nursing
assessment, supportive care, and patient education in managing COPD patients.
Question 3: Renal Pathophysiology
 Describe the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury (AKI), emphasizing the mechanisms of
renal hypoperfusion, tubular injury, and impaired filtration. Discuss the potential complications
and long-term effects of AKI on renal function and overall health.
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