NURS 231 PORTAGE LEARNING Pathophysiology Module 2 Review Exam Q & A 2026 Complete And Study material 19pages LEARNEXAMS

1. A 58-year-old male patient presents with a painless, firm, and slowly enlarging mass in the left side of his neck. Biopsy results show an encapsulated mass with spindle-shaped cells that do not invade surrounding tissues. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Malignant melanoma B. Squamous cell carcinoma C. Fibroadenoma D. Lipoma Answer: D. Lipoma Rationale: The characteristics of the mass suggest a benign tumor, which is consistent with a lipoma, a benign neoplasm of adipose tissue. 2. A 35-year-old female patient has been diagnosed with a 2 cm solitary nodule in her right breast. Mammography shows well-defined margins without calcifications. The patient has no family history of breast cancer. What is the next best step in management? A. Immediate mastectomy B. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy C. Observation and follow-up in six months D. Chemotherapy Answer: B. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy Rationale: Given the size, appearance, and lack of family history, a fineneedle aspiration biopsy is appropriate to determine the nature of the nodule before deciding on further treatment. 3. During a routine health check-up, a 50-year-old male patient is found to have elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels. Digital rectal examination reveals a hard nodule on the prostate. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Benign prostatic hyperplasia B. Prostate adenocarcinoma C. Prostatitis D. Urethral stone Answer: B. Prostate adenocarcinoma Rationale: The presence of a hard nodule and elevated PSA levels are concerning for prostate adenocarcinoma, a malignant neoplasm of the prostate.