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1. A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has
a low arterial oxygen level and a high carbon dioxide level. What is
the most likely cause of this condition?
a) Hypoventilation
b) Hyperventilation
c) Respiratory acidosis*
d) Respiratory alkalosis
Rationale: Hypoventilation leads to increased carbon dioxide
retention and decreased oxygen exchange, resulting in respiratory
acidosis. Hyperventilation causes the opposite effects, resulting in
respiratory alkalosis. COPD is a chronic condition that impairs the
ability to exhale air, causing hypoventilation.
2. A patient with diabetes mellitus has developed diabetic
ketoacidosis (DKA). What are the main metabolic disturbances that
occur in DKA?
a) Hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis*
b) Hyperglycemia, ketonuria, and metabolic alkalosis
c) Hypoglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis
d) Hypoglycemia, ketonuria, and metabolic alkalosis
Rationale: DKA is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus that
occurs when the body cannot use glucose as a fuel source due to
insulin deficiency or resistance. The body then breaks down fat for
energy, producing ketones as a byproduct. Ketones are acidic and
can accumulate in the blood, causing ketonemia and metabolic
acidosis. Hyperglycemia is also present due to the lack of insulin
action on glucose uptake. Ketonuria is the excretion of ketones in
the urine, which can be detected by urine dipstick tests.
3. A patient with hypertension has been prescribed a beta-blocker
medication to lower their blood pressure. How does this
medication work?
a) It blocks the action of angiotensin II on the blood vessels, causing
vasodilation
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