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1. Which of the following mechanisms is NOT involved in the
pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
a) Inflammation of the bronchi
b) Increased mucus production
c) Destruction of alveoli
d) Decreased airway resistance
Answer: d) Decreased airway resistance
Rationale: COPD is characterized by chronic inflammation of the
bronchi, increased mucus production, and destruction of alveoli.
However, airway resistance is actually increased in COPD due to
structural changes and narrowing of the airways.
2. A patient with heart failure presents with peripheral edema and
breathlessness upon exertion. Which of the following
pathophysiological processes is responsible for these symptoms?
a) Decreased cardiac contractility
b) Pulmonary vasoconstriction
c) Increased systemic vascular resistance
d) Fluid retention
Answer: d) Fluid retention
Rationale: Heart failure leads to fluid retention due to impaired
cardiac function. This excess fluid accumulates in the peripheral
tissues, resulting in edema, and may also cause fluid to back up into
the lungs, leading to breathlessness.
3. Which of the following factors is involved in the development of
insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes?
a) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
b) Impaired insulin secretion
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