NURS 611 EXAM 3 PATHO 2 VERSIONS

EXAM 2026-2027 COMPLETE 250 QUESTIONS

AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH

RATIONALES (MARYVILLE

UNIVERSITY)

VERSION A

when insulin binds its receptors on muscle cells, an increase in glucose uptake by

the muscle cells is the result. This is an example of what type of effect by a

hormone?

a.Pharmacologic

c.Synergistic

b.Permissive

d.Direct - ANSWER- D

Rationale: Direct effects are the obvious changes in cell function that specifically

result from the stimulation by a particular hormone. The other options are not used

to identify the described effect.

8. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is released to stimulate thyroid hormone

(TH) and is inhibited when plasma levels of TH are adequate. This is an example

of:

a.Positive feedback

b.Negative feedback

c.Neural regulation

d.Physiologic regulation - ANSWER- B

Rationale: Feedback systems provide precise monitoring and control of the

cellular environment. Negative feedback occurs because the changing chemical,

neural, or endocrine response to a stimulus negates the initiating change that

triggered the release of the hormone. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from

the hypothalamus stimulates TSH secretion from the anterior pituitary. Secretion of

TSH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of THs. Increasing levels of T4 and

triiodothyronine (T3) then generate negative feedback on the pituitary and

hypothalamus to inhibit TRH and TSH synthesis. The described example is not

accurately identified by any of the other options.

Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located:

a.Inside the plasma membrane in the cytoplasm

b.On the outer surface of the plasma membrane

c.Inside the mitochondria

d.On the inner surface of the plasma membrane - ANSWER- A

Rationale: Lipid-soluble hormone receptors are located inside the plasma

membrane and easily diffuse across the plasma membrane to bind to either

cytosolic or nuclear receptors. The other options are not true statements.

10. Which second messenger is stimulated by epinephrine binding to a βadrenergic receptor?

a.Calcium

b.Inositol triphosphate (IP3)

c.Diacylglycerol (DAG)

d.Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) - ANSWER- D

Rationale: Second-messenger molecules are the initial link between the first signal

(hormone) and the inside of the cell (see Table 21-3). For example, the binding of

epinephrine to a β adrenergic-receptor subtype activates (through a stimulatory G

protein) the enzyme, adenylyl cyclase. Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes the conversion

of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the second messenger, 3', and 5'-cAMP. The

remaining messengers are not stimulated by epinephrine to bind as described.

Which hormone does the second messenger calcium (C +) bind to activate

phospholipase C through a G protein?

a.

Angiotensin II

c.

Estrogen

b.

Thyroxine

d.

Testosterone - ANSWER- A

Rationale: C + is considered an important second messenger that facilitates the

binding of a hormone (e.g., norepinephrine, angiotensin II) to a surface receptor,

activating the enzyme phospholipase C through a G protein inside the plasma

membrane. None of the other options acts on its target cell via a second messenger.

The control of calcium in cells is important because it:

a.

Is controlled by the calcium negative-feedback loop.

b.

Is continuously synthesized.

c.

Acts as a second messenger.

d.

Carries lipid-soluble hormones in the bloodstream. - ANSWER- C

Rationale: In addition to being an important ion that participates in a multitude of

cellular actions, C + is considered an important second messenger. The other

options are not true statements related to the control of calcium within the cells.

The portion of the pituitary that secretes oxytocin is:

a.

Posterior

c.

Anterior

b.

Inferior

d.

Superior - ANSWER- A

Rationale: Only the posterior pituitary secretes oxytocin.

Antidiuretic hormone acts to cause vasoconstriction when:

a.

Urine output is less than 20 ml/hr.

b.

Serum osmolality is increased.

c.

Osmotic and oncotic pressures are increased.

d.

Vasopressin is pharmacologically administered. - ANSWER- D

Rationale: ADH was originally named vasopressin because, in extremely high

doses, it causes vasoconstriction and a resulting increase in arterial blood pressure.

However, significant vasoconstriction may only be achieved pharmacologically.

Antidiuretic hormone induced vasoconstriction is not a result of the other options.