NURS 721 Leadership, Policy, Ethics COMPLETED EXAM 2026 (21pages)

1. What are the four main types of organizational culture according to the Competing Values Framework? How do they differ in terms of values, assumptions, and practices? Provide an example of each type of culture in a healthcare setting. - The four main types of organizational culture are clan, adhocracy, hierarchy, and market. Clan culture is characterized by collaboration, trust, empowerment, and commitment. An example of a clan culture in a healthcare setting is a team of nurses who work closely together and support each other. Adhocracy culture is characterized by innovation, creativity, risk-taking, and flexibility. An example of an adhocracy culture in a healthcare setting is a research unit that develops new treatments or technologies. Hierarchy culture is characterized by stability, efficiency, control, and coordination. An example of a hierarchy culture in a healthcare setting is a hospital that follows strict rules and procedures. Market culture is characterized by competitiveness, results, achievement, and customer orientation. An example of a market culture in a healthcare setting is a clinic that focuses on attracting and retaining patients. 2. What are the three levels of communication competence according to Spitzberg and Cupach? How can nurses assess and improve their communication competence at each level? - The three levels of communication competence are motivation, knowledge, and skill. Motivation refers to the desire and willingness to communicate effectively with others. Nurses can assess their motivation by reflecting on their attitudes, values, and goals related to communication. They can improve their motivation by seeking feedback, setting realistic expectations, and rewarding themselves for their efforts. Knowledge refers to the understanding of the principles, rules, and norms of communication. Nurses can assess their knowledge by reviewing the theories, models, and concepts of communication. They can improve their knowledge by reading, studying, and attending workshops or seminars on communication. Skill refers to the ability to perform the behaviors and actions of communication. Nurses can assess their skill by observing their verbal and nonverbal cues, listening skills, and response strategies. They can improve their skill by practicing, rehearsing, and applying the techniques of communication. 3. What are the five sources of power according to French and Raven? How do they affect the relationships and outcomes of communication? - The five sources of power are legitimate, reward, coercive, expert, and referent. Legitimate power is based on the formal position or authority of the communicator. It affects the relationships and outcomes of communication by creating compliance or resistance from the receiver. Reward power is based on the ability of the communicator to provide positive incentives or benefits to the receiver. It affects the relationships and outcomes of communication by creating attraction or dependence from the receiver. Coercive power is based on the ability of the communicator to impose negative consequences or sanctions on the receiver. It affects the relationships and outcomes of communication by creating fear or avoidance from the receiver. Expert power is based on the knowledge or expertise of the communicator. It affects the relationships and outcomes of communication by creating trust or respect from the receiver. Referent power is based