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1. Which of the following is a primary difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria? A. Cell wall thickness B. Nucleoid presence C. Ribosome size D. Cytoplasmic content Answer: A. Cell wall thickness Rationale: Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall, whereas Gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer and an outer membrane. 2. During which phase of bacterial growth do the cells divide at a constant rate? A. Lag phase B. Logarithmic (log) phase C. Stationary phase D. Death phase
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